Current Affairs 7th Class

   Introduction   Definition: The voice is the form of verb which indicates whether a person or thing does something or has been done to a person or thing.  

   Types of Tense   The Tense is divided into three categories. They are the following:

•   Present Tense
•   Past Tense
•   Future Tense  

         Present Tense It expresses an action or event that takes place in the present time. Present Tense is divided into four categories. They are the following:            Present Indefinite or Simple Present This tense is used to express the habitual actions which is truths, planned activities, quotations and to put questions. This tense shows an action done in general way in the present time.           Look at the following sentences:

•   The earth revolves round the sun.
•   He takes periodic break.

In the above given sentences, the verbs 'revolves' and 'takes' show an action done in general way in the present time. They do not say whether the action is complete or incomplete. These verbs are in Present Indefinite Tense.     Points to keep in mind

• Present Indefinite Tense is used to show a habitual action.

    Example: You go to school at 8 PM.

• Present Indefinite Tense is used to express a universal truth.

    Example: The earth moves round the sun.                  Present Continuous Tense The Present Continuous Tense is used to express an action or event that is taking place right now. This tense shows an action which is going on (or continuing) at the time of speaking.           Look at the following sentences:

•   He is pursuing MBA from IIM.
•   They are pleading to the authorities to solve their problems.

In the above given sentences, the verbs 'is pursuing' and 'are pleading' show an action which is going on or continuing at the time of speaking (in present time). These verbs are in Present Continuous Tense.     Points to keep in mind

•  Present Continuous Tense is used to talk about activities happening now.

   Example: The kids are watching TV.

•  Present Continuous Tense is used to talk about activities happening around now, not necessarily this moment.

   Example: Priyanka is studying really hard for her exam this week.

•  Present Continuous Tense is used to talk about activities happening in near future, especially for planed future events

   Example: We are going on holiday next week.                 Present Perfect Tense Present Perfect Tense is used to express the actions just completed, put questions and past actions whose time is not specific. Present Perfect Tense shows an action started in more...

     Introduction   Tense is the form of a verb, which shows the time of action and its degree of completeness. Tense gives us the knowledge of the time when an action is taking place.   Look at the following sentences:

•   You are looking perturbed.
•   The final report will exonerate him.
•   You had misread him.

In sentence 1, the verb 'are looking' shows an action done in the present time. In sentence2, the verb 'will exonerate' shows the state of being in the future time. In sentence 3, the verb 'had misread' shows an action done in the past time.  

     Definite Article 'The'   Definite Article (the) points out a particular person, animal, thing or place. 'The' is used before a noun beginning with a consonant or a vowel sound.  

•     This is the boy who came first in the race.
•     The Quran is a holy book of the Muslim.

In the above given sentences, 'the' has been used before boy, race, Quran and Muslim (all nouns) which are definite or particular person or thing. These particular person or thing may begin with both sounds - consonant or vowel,            Uses of definite Article 'The' 'The' is used before the following:

• Before a class of noun. E.g. the man is a social animal.
• Before the superlative degrees of Adjective. E.g. The best
• Before a noun which has been mentioned earlier. Saurav saw a bird. The bird was beautiful.
• Before the names of national, religion and caste. Eg. The Hindu, the Indian.
• Before the names of famous building - The Red Fort.
• Before the names of sea, river or valley. E.g. The pacific, The Ganga, The Bay of Bengal
• Before the names of few countries. E.g. The U.S.A., The UK
• Before the names of religious book. E.g. the Ramayana.

  'The' is used before the names of holy books, rivers, oceans, mountains, monuments, newspapers, heavenly bodies, etc.

• The Ramayana, The Geeta, The Bible, The Quran.
• The Ganga, The Yamuna, The Nile.
• The Indian Ocean, The Pacific Ocean.
• The Himalayas, The Alps.
• The Taj Mahal, The Victoria Memorial, The Red fort.
• The Times of India, The Hindustan times, The Hindu.
• The Sun, The Moon, The Sky, The Earth, The Star.

          Fill in the blanks with suitable article:       ________ Geeta is a holy book of Hindu. (A) A                                                                      (B) The (C) An                                                                   (D) All of these (E) None of these     Answer: (B) Explanation : 'The' is used before the names of holy book.         ____________Sun gives light in the sky. (A) The                                                                 (B) A (C) An                                                                   (D) All of these (E) None of these     Answer: (A) Explanation: 'The' is used before the names of heavenly bodies.          

• A is used before a noun beginning with a consonant sound.
• An is used before a noun beginning with a vowel sound.
• The is used before a noun beginning with a consonant or a vowel sound but these nouns refer to definite or particular nouns.
• The is used before the names of holy books, rivers, oceans, mountains, monuments, newspapers, heavenly bodies, etc.
• Indefinite articles are not used with more...

    Indefinite Articles 'A and An'   Definition: 'A 'and 'An' are called indefinite articles because they refer to any person, animal thing or place.            Uses of indefinite Articles 'A' and 'An' 'A' is used before Singular Countable Noun beginning with either vowel or consonant but sounds like consonant.    

•   There is a girl in the class.
•   My brother is a teacher.
•   He reads in a university.
•   I have a one rupee note.

In the above given sentences, 'a' is used before a word starting from consonant or vowel but sounds like consonant. In the first and second sentences 'a' ts used before girl and teacher. These two words start from consonant and sound like consonant. In the third and fourth sentences 'a' is used before university and one. These two words start from vowel but sound like a consonant. Therefore, 'a' is used before them. 'An' is used before a Singular Countable Noun beginning with consonant or vowel but sounds like vowel.      

•   Steve presented an example in front of the audience.
•   It was an easy task.
•   Our Prime Minister is an honest man.
•   Sonia Gandhi is an M.P.

In the above given sentences, 'an' is used before the words which start from vowel or consonant but sound like vowel. In the first and second sentences 'an' is used before example and easy which start from vowel and sound like a vowel. In the third and fourth sentences 'an' is used before honest and M.P. which start from consonant but sound like a vowel.             Fill in the blanks with indefinite articles.           Frankling is _____________ European. (A) A                                                                      (B) An (C) The                                                                 (D) All of these (D) None of these   Answer: (a) Explanation: The word European begins with the letter 'E' which is a vowel but It sounds like a consonant.         Pallavi is ____________ intelligent girl. (A) A                                                                      (B) The (C) An                                                                   (D) None of these (E) All of these   Answer: (c) Explanation: The word intelligent begins with the letter 'i' which is a vowel and also sounds like a vowel.

    Introduction   Definition: "A", "an" and "the" are known as articles. There are two types of article:

•   Indefinite Articles - a and an
•   Definite Article - the  

     Use of Conjunctions   (A) And, As well as These two conjunctions are used to add one statement to another:  

•   The man is poor. The man is blind.

     The man is poor and blind.

•   Steve likes tea. Steve likes coffee.

     Steve likes tea as well as coffee.     (B)  Or, Either -- or, Neither ---- nor These conjunctions are used to indicate a choice between one statement and another.      

•  Is he happy? Is he sad?

     Is he happy or sad?

•  I will come. I will send Smith.

     Either I will come or send Varun.

•  Rajiv is not my friend. He is not my relative.

     Rajiv is neither my friend nor my relative.     (C)   But, Still, Yet These conjunctions are used to express contrast between two statements.    

•   She is a teacher. She does not teach the children.

     She is a teacher but she does not teach the children.

•   The teacher was angry. He did not scold the students.

     The teacher was angry still he did not scold the students.

•   These leaders are corrupt. People choose them.

     These leaders are corrupt yet people choose them.   (D) So, Therefore These conjunctions are used to join two statements where one statement is proved from the other statement.  

•   He did not work hard. He got fail.        

     He did not work hard, so he got fail.

•   The boy stole money from the shop. He was arrested by the police.

     The boy stole bread from the shop, therefore, he was arrested by the police.     (E)  When, While These conjunctions are used to join two statements when time of an action is to show;      

•   The cat is away. The mice play.

     When the cat is away the mice play.

•   I met Rita. I was in Mumbai.

     I met Rita while I was in Mumbai.     (F) lf, Unless These conjunctions are used to join two statements when condition is to show.      

•   You give me ball I will return your bat.        

     If you give me ball, I will return your bat.

•   You work hard. You cannot succeed in your mind.        

     Unless you work hard you cannot succeed in your mind.     (G) As, Than These conjunctions are used to show comparison between two persons or more...

    Introduction   Definition: A conjunction is a word that is used to join words, groups of words or sentences.      

•   Maria and John are friends.
•   This pen and that pencil are same.
•   The elephant is big but the mouse is small.
•   Ruby cannot sit because the chair is dirty.  

In the first sentence, the word and is joining two words Maria and John. In the second sentence, the word and is joining two phrases this pen and that pencil. In the third sentence, the word but is joining two sentences the elephant is big and the mouse is small. In the fourth sentence, the word because is joining two sentences Ruby cannot sit and the chair is dirty. In this way the word and, but and because are joining two words or two sentences. These words are called Conjunctions.         Look at the following sentences joined by conjunctions: 1.       Sachin is a good player. Harbhajan is a good player. Sachin and Harbhajan are good players. 2.       Is sheeducated? Isshe uneducated? Is she educated or uneducated ? 3.       She is wise girl. She is a beautiful girl. She is wise as well as a beautiful girl. 4.       Wait here. I come back. Wait here till I come back. 5.       He won the match . He received the prize. He received the prize as he won the match.            List of some commonly used Conjunctions And                        But                         Since                     When                    Either-or Although               Because                Till                        While                     Neither-nor As well as             If                             Until                      Unless                  Therefore As                           Or                           Still                        Yet                        Before

     Preposition of Time   A number of prepositions may be used to denote time such as on Monday, before night, during the night, till tomorrow, after lunch, etc. In most cases, it is easy to know which preposition to use.             Uses of Preposition of Time At, on, in (A)    At usually denotes a definite point of time but can also be used for definite periods: Definite points of time at 3 o'clock, at midnight at the beginning of the class at the end of the meeting Indefinite periods of time at dawn, at night at Christmas, at Diwali   (B)    On is used with days and dates: On Monday, on 10th August On the Diwali day, on Christmas eve On the evening of the 8th  April   (C)     In is used with parts of the days, month, year, and season: In the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening In summer, in winter In March, in 1988   (D)    In is also used with the future tense to show the period in which an action will take place: In two hours, in a few minutes, in a fortnight.   Note: In = at the end of Within = before the end of I shall be back in a week. (when a week is over) I shall be back within a week. (before a week is over)         By It denotes the latest time at which an action will be over: The show will be over by 6 p.m. (It may be over before itis6am but the latest time at which it can be over is 6).          From It denotes the starting point of an action. It is almost always used with to or till / until: The examination will be held from 8 a.m. to 11 a.m. He was absent from 11/10/2010 to 12/10/2010.          Preposition of Position        At At has idea of an exact point; it is used with villages, small towns. At Cedar Avenue, At CP. At conveys the idea of general neighbourhood; in conveys the idea of something contained.       

•   Please sit at the table when you eat.
•   I shall meet you at Karol Bagh.
•   Turn left at the next crossing.  

        Between, among Between is used with two persons or things, among is used with more than two persons or things.    

•   A small table was lying between the two chairs.
•   The hare hid among the bushes.
•   He was happy to be among his friends again.  

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    Introduction   Definition: A preposition is a word that relates a noun or a pronoun to another word in a sentence.      

• A total of eight people have been arrested by the CBI.
• The men at Money Matters allegedly acted as middlemen.
• The frauds were committed m the officers' own capacity.
• The arrests came after a CBI investigation that covered five cities and lasted over a year.
• The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog. In the above given sentences, underline words are prepositions.  

        The following is the list of common prepositions: About                   above                   across                   after                      against along                     among                  around                 at                            before  behind                  below                   beneath               beside                  between    by                           down                    during                   except                  for from                      in                            in front of            inside                    instead of                            into                        like                         near                       of         off                          on                           onto                      on top of              out of outside                 over                       past                       since                      through to                            toward                 under                    underneath            until       up                           upon                     with                         within                     without.