Archives May 2013

Mountains have always thrown a challenge to the spirit of man and he always accepted it. The loftier a mountain, the  greater is his desire to conquer it, to climb the highest peak and to enjoy the thrill of victory. Nearly all the mountains of the world have now been conquered by the persistence and perseverance of man. Even Mount Everest cannot now claim to be invulnerable, having already been scaled several times, the first time by Hilary, an English man. Several expeditions  were organized to negotiate this highest mountain-peak in the world and at least four of them have been successful-British, Swiss, American and Indian. The Chinese too claim to have conquered Mount Everest from the other side but their claim has not been accepted by many. Life offers challenge to man and some people are fascinated by it. Danger to them is the very essence of life and more...

I live in Delhi. Delhi is the Capital of India. It is the seat of the Central Government. Many government offices are located here. There are embassies, great and beautiful buildings, gardens, lawns, parks, statues and other things of interest. But there are also some places that can be termed as slums and dirty spots. Therefore, there is need to beautify it. First of all, there is urgent need of repairing roads. The roads are in very bad shape and damaged. A person from foreign does not get a good impression of it. Therefore, there is need for repairing and reconstructing roads. Moreover, there are some old and ancient buildings in various parts of the city.  They are in ruins. They not only mar the beauty of the city, but also cause accidents. Therefore, these old building must be repaired. There are many slums. Dirty water and sewage get spread more...

Outline : Qualities, importance, tolerant, broad-minded, law- abiding; works for the cause of nation and society; up-to-date, well- informed of political changes and social evils; a keen civic sense.  An ideal citizen is one who establishes (sets up) his standard in everything. He loves his country more than anything else. He can make any sacrifice for his motherland. He can lay down his life for the honour  of his family, society and clan. He is a true patriot. He is thorough gentleman. He protects the public property at the cost of his own life. He is fully law-abiding. He pays all the taxes honestly and unhesitatingly. He is a true friend of society. He is the saviour of the honour of the fair sex. He swims and the society sinks with him. He is its axis. He is its pivotal point. As far his personal qualities are concerned, he is more...

The autumn season comes after the rainy season. The autumn comprises the months of September and October. At this time, black clouds leave the sky. The sky gets clear and we often enjoy the beauty of moonlight in all its sweetness. Moonlight falls on the green grass. Various flowers like shefali, kash and lotus blossom. This season is very beautiful and nice, and it cannot be compared with any other season. Weather at this time is very cool and pleasant. The autumn season is the festival season. Various festivals, like Dussehra, Diwali and Bhai Duj, are celebrated during this season, causing long vacation in offices, schools, colleges and courts. This season also brings the harvesting season. The farmers are happy with their land full of paddy and other grains. The vast I stretch of luxuriant paddy crops are harvested as the autumn breeze fills the heart of the farmers. Once more...

"After months of frustration, we had grown used to seeing blobs of resin caked on the mold..." Nathaniel Wyeth The humble plastic bottle is now one of the most commonly recycled household objects. But it was the product's cheapness and durability that led to its popularity over glass bottles. Nathaniel Wyeth (1911- 1990), a U.S. engineer, worked on the invention for almost a decade. When he asked a colleague if plastic could be used to store carbonated beverages such as Coca Cola, he was told that they would explode. A series of early experiments proved that carbonated beverages caused the plastic to expand. Obviously, the plastic was too weak, but the plastic could be strengthened if the long strands of molecules that form plastic were woven together. Wyeth knew that nylon gets stronger when its molecules are stretched and aligned, and developed a pre-formed mold that forced the nylon threads more...

"Sunglow, unmellow yellow, atomic tangerine, purple pizzazz, razzle dazzle rose, neon carrot...” Names of crayon colors added to the 1990 box They have brought color and creativity to generations of children across the world, but the crayon family began with just one color, black. Originally based on a mixture of charcoal and oil, the oil was soon replaced with wax to make the crayon stronger and easier to hold. American cousins Edwin Binney (1866-1934) and Harold Smith (1860-1931) had a company that sold paint pigments—red for painting barns and black for car tires. In 1900 they began to make pencils and came up with the useful idea of dustless chalk for teachers. While touring schools with these products, the cousins spotted a gap in the market for a new drawing and writing implement. They set about making a safe, nontoxic toy for children and, in 1903, the first box of more...

In 1908 physicists Hans Geiger (1882-1945) and Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) were observing ionized helium atoms at Manchester University and wanted to confirm the data from their scintillation crystal counters. Their new "Geiger" counter consisted of a high-voltage wire running along the central axis of a sealed brass cylindrical tube containing low-pressure carbon dioxide. When charged particles entered through a window in the chamber they collided with and ionized CO2 molecules leading to a voltage change on the central wire that was registered on a galvanometer. A count rate of five to ten per minute could be registered. Soon more sophisticated detectors using helium gas and a photographic voltage registration were introduced, increasing the count rate to about a thousand per minute. In 1928 improvements made in the electrical characteristics by Walther Muller (one of Geiger's PhD students) enabled the instrument to detect electrons. The main problem was the recovery time—the more...

Ram Krishna Paramhans was India's great spiritual leader who is remembered for his valuable teachings based on humanity. He was primarily a religious reformer. He was a deeply spiritual man who believed that the basic meaning of all religions was the same. Ram Krishna Paramhans was born on February 18, 1836 in a poor orthodox Brahmin family in a remote village of  Bengal. His original name was Gadadhar. He had immense spiritual potential from his very childhood. Even at the age of five, he had a burning desire to study the lives of saints. As he grew up he wished to have a vision of Goddess Kali, whom he considered as the Devine Mother. As his realization deepend the vision of the Devine Mother became luminous while he was the priest of Dakshineshwar Temple in Kolkata. He would enter into deep trances and loose consciousness just to seek the truth. more...

"While fancy, like the finger of a clock, runs the great circuit, and is still at home." William Cowper,"The Winter Evening"(1785) Around 1602 Galileo Galilei noticed that the swing period of a pendulum was nearly independent of the amplitude of the oscillation, and this became the most important discovery in the history of horology. In 1656 Dutch mathematician and astronomer Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) was the first to use a pendulum as a regulating oscillator in a clock. The swing period of a pendulum is only a function of its length and the local gravitational field, unlike the verge and balance (foliot) oscillator, which it replaced, which had an oscillation period that depended on the force exerted by the driving spring. Within years of Huygens's discovery weight-driven pendulum clocks were appearing all over Europe. To provide a sufficient distance for the weights to fall, and to accommodate a reasonably long pendulum—a more...

"[Engine control] requires an intelligent man, an honest man, a sober man, a steady man..." Isambard Kingdom Brunei, engineer The steam in early steam engines was used only once; after it had pushed back the piston it was discharged into the atmosphere, A more efficient process allowed the steam to expand in two or more stages. These "compound" engines had two or more cylinders. After the steam had been expanded in the high-pressure cylinder the exhaust steam was then used to push back the piston of a following, larger-circumference, low-pressure cylinder. The two pistons were connected with cranks that enabled them to work at the required different phases. With correct size scaling, the power output per cylinder could be equalized, and the engine ran smoothly. As these systems were rather complicated, theywere mainly used in industrial and marine engines. Some compound railway locomotives were built, but the tough operating conditions more...