Current Affairs 5th Class

LEARNING OBJECTIVES              This lesson will help you to:-

• understand the importance of vocabulary
• study  the applicant of vocabulary.
• examine various types of vocabulary.
• learn the importance of vocabulary.  

  QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW              Vocabulary is basically the set of words within a language that a person knows. Vocabulary generally develops with age and serves as a useful and important tool for communication.   Vocabulary is the study of:              The meanings of words              Many words have several meanings each, study the meanings of the words and the part of speech.              Homonyms are words that are both spelled and pronounced the same, but different meanings. Like : bank ( river bank): bank (place to deposit money), bat (thing we play with): bat (an animal).              Homographs (spelled the same) but have a different meaning.Like:             1.  bear (verb)- to support or carry                bear (noun) - the animal             2.  sow (verb)- to plant seed        Sow (noun)- female pig              Homophones (pronounced the same) but differ in meaning. Like: rose (flower), rose (past tense of ?rise?): to, two, and, too.   How the words are used              Study the words in context, apply what you learn by writing sentences with your words.              Root words, prefixes, suffixes studying these will aid in the study of vocabulary.              1.  A prefix is an affix which is placed before the root word. Like: happy- unhappy.              2. A suffix is an affix which is placed after the root word. Like: happy- happiness.     ANALOGIES              This is comparing two pairs of words and choosing the pair that go together.              Example: Kitchens: Cooking:: Bedroom: Sleeping              Kitchen is to cooking as bedroom is to sleeping.     TYPES OF VOCABULARY             Reading vocabulary              A literate person?s reading vocabulary is all the words he or she can recognize when reading. This is generally the largest type of vocabulary simply because a reader tends to be exposed to more words by reading than by listening. Listening vocabulary              A person?s listening vocabulary is all the words he or she can recognize when listening to speech. This vocabulary is aided in size by context and tone of voice.   Speaking vocabulary              A person?s speaking vocabulary is all the words he or she uses in speech. This is what we listen we try to speak.   Writing vocabulary              Words used in various forms of writing from small passage to letters and applicants. Many written words do not commonly appear in speech.   The importance of a vocabulary A good stock of vocabulary helps in expression and communication  Vocabulary size has directly linked to reading comprehension.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES              This lesson will help you to; comprehend a passage. answer the related questions. develop new vocabulary and grammar.     QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW              Explanations              The action or capability of understanding something, an idea, apprehending of realization of facts or fiction is known as comprehension.              Comprehension means 'understanding whatever you read and answering questions related to it. Answering question a given passage depends actually on the following abilities of a person:              (a) How good you are in understanding the meaning of the entire points?              (b) How good you are in finding the answer in the passage?             (c) command you have in English language.   Points to keep in mind while doing comprehension             

Read the given paragraph carefully and underline important points.             

Read the questions one by one and try to find the answers from the passage.             

Write answers in your own words.           

Let's try with an example and solve the following questions.   Example:              Green is a beautiful colour! In nature, the grass that you walk on is green and the leaves that you see on trees usually green. Most of the plants that you see are too! Frogs are green and many grasshoppers are green too. Turtles are different shades of green. Did you know that you can make green paint by mixing blue and yellow? Because you can make green my mixing two primary colours, it is called a secondary colour. Green is also the name used to describe the movement to make products that do not harm the earth. Green products are often those made from recycled materials or those that are safe to throw out in the trash. 1. What is a green product?             (a) One that is mixed together             (b) One that is fun              (c) One that is made from grass            (d) One that is safe for Earth   2. Turtles are _______.              (a) not green             (b) not found in nature           (c) different shades of green             (d) green products   3. Green is ______.              (a) a primary colour            (b) a type of kite          (c) a kind of plant            (d) a secondary colour   4. Which of the following might be an example of a green product? (a) A frog (b) A plastic bottle that can be recycled (c) A big truck (d) A plastic bottle that cannot be recycled   5. According to the passage, which is green? (a) A frog (b) A bat (c) A mushroom (d) A primary colour     Answers 1. D       2. C      3. D      4. B       5. A

Real Life Example              Prepositions are the glue that hold sentences together. By explaining the relationships between the words in a sentence, they provide the reader with critical information about the sentence?s meaning. But you cannot easily conjure up simple images like an apple or a person running to remember what prepositions are. As, such it is very important for students to learn about prepositions in a manner that is fun and will stir their motivation to learn more.     LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to: learn about preposition. study different kinds of prepositions. identify words followed by prepositions.     QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW              Read the given sentence:              The river flows below the bridge.              Here the word 'below' shows the relation that the words ?river? and ?bridge? have with each other. You would also notice that it is placed before the noun -bridge.     DEFINITION              A word that is placed or positioned before a noun or pronoun to show the relation between two nouns or in a sentence is known as a preposition. The literally weans "positioned before' something. Example:   1.  Alex is pulling along the trolley. 2.  Peter is sitting upon the bean bag. 3.  Harry is talking over his phone. 4.  Mother is holding the baby up in the air. 5.  Tina is spreading the bed sheet on the bed.     KIND OF PREPOSITION            Prepositions can be arranged in the following classes:

Simple Prepositions: at, by, for, from, in, of, off, on, out, through, till, to, up, with.

Compound Prepositions: These are generally formed by prefixing a Preposition (usually 'a' = no or 'be' = by) to a Noun, an Adjective or an Adverb. About, above, across, along, amidst, among, amongst, around, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, inside, outside, underneath, within, without.

Phrase Prepositions: Groups of words used with the force of a single preposition. 'According to, along with, away from, because of, by means of, for the sake of, in addition to, on behalf of, in case of, in order to, owing to, with regard to, etc.

  CHARTS The following nouns always take the prepositions: 'for', 'with', 'of, 'to', 'from', respectively.     The following adjectives always take the prepositions: 'to', 'in', 'with', 'of, 'for', respectively.       The following verbs always take the prepositions: ?to?, ?from?, ?with?, ?of?, ?for?, ?in?, ?on? respectively.     PLAY TIME (DUMB CHARADES)              Your teacher will create slips of paper with prepositions written on them and mix them up in a hat or other container. Each of you will come up and pick a slip from the hat. You will then attempt to convey the meaning of the preposition through actions and gestures without using any words. Teacher may split the class into teams and award more...

Real Life Example              The most basic is the coordinating conjunction which is seen in such English words as ?and?, ?but?, and ?or?. These join items, ideas, or parts of the sentences that are equal, e.g., ?Bob and Ted? or ?Carol and Alice?, but not 'Tom, Dick or Harry'.   Conjunctions BOY    SAT    (with) BEN But Or So And Then Both..... and Either......or Neither......nor     LEARNING OBJECTIVES                This lesson will help you to:

• understand conjunction more clearly.
• study various types of conjunction.
• study the application of conjunction.  

  QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW              These are joining words that are used to join words, group of words (phrases) and sentences together. You can think of them as connectors or a linking word that is used to join other words or sentences together. There are conjunctions that join independent sentences and are called Coordinating Conjunctions. They connect similar kind or group of words. Some of them are:              Andit is used to Join related ideas. v   The music was playing and everyone was dancing. v   He had a pen and a pencil in his hand.              But  it is used to join two different ideas. v   There was a lot of food on the table but I did not eat. v   He played well but lost the match.                Or it is used to join sentences which suggest a choice between the two. v   You must hurry or you will miss the train. v   You can have custard or ice cream for dessert              Soit is used to join two sentences if the first sentence contains the reason for the second. It was raining so I decided to stay at home. I was unwell so I went to see the doctor.              There are some con junctions which connect similar words or group of words but always appear in pairs. So you have to learn them with their pair. Both ....... and              Both Rohit and Ritwick are good singers Either ........ or.              It is used to express a choice between two things.              Either you do your work or read a story book Neither ........ nor. It is used to express a choice between two things It means none of the two. I drink neither tea nor coffee. So ........ that.              Rati was so happy that she started jumping.              Apart from these there are other conjunctions like:              After used to denote time. My exams begin after the summer break.              Because  used to express reason. I was tired because I had walked four kilometres.             If  used to denote a condition. You will not get good marks more...

Real Life Example      Adverbs are commonly used in day-to-day life along with nouns, pronouns, adjectives, etc. in communication.     Amazing Fact In Dutch adverbs have the basic form of their corresponding adjectives and are not inflected.    LEARNING OBJECTIVES   This lesson will help to:- study about adverbs. Learn to differentiate between adverbs and adjectives. Learn and understand about different types of adverbs.     QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW Adverbs: Adverbs are words that: Modify a verb. Example: He drove slowly.How did he drive?  Modify an adjective. Example: drove a very fast car. ? How fast was this car? Modify another adverb. Example: She moved quite slowly down the aisle. ? How slowly did she move?              Adverbs often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens or happened. Thus adverbs describe verbs, adjectives and adverbs in terms of such qualities as time, frequency and manner.              Adverbs frequently end in ?ly: however, many words and phrases not ending in ?ly serve an adverbial function and a ?ly ending is not guarantee that a word is an adverb. The words lovely, lonely, motherly, friendly, neighbourly, for instance, are adjectives.              Adverb clause: If a group of words contain a subject and verb acts an adverb( modifying the verb of a sentence), it is called an Adverb Clause.                           Example: When this class is over, we?re going to the movies.              Adverb phrases: when a group of words not containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb, it is called an adverbial phrase. Prepositional phrases frequently have adverbial functions (telling place and time, modifying the verb): He went to the movies. She works on holiday.              Adverbs can modify adjectives, but an adjective cannot modify an adverb. Example: ?the students showed a really wonderful attitude.?              Like adjectives, adverbs can have comparative and superlative forms to show degree. Walk faster if you want to keep up with me. The student who reads fastest will finish first.              We often use more and most, less and least to show degree with adverbs: With sneakers on, she could move more quickly among the patients. The flowers were the most beautiful arranged creations I've ever seen. She worked less confidently after her accident. That was the least skilfully done performance I?ve seen in years.       KINDS OF ADVERBS Adverbs of Manner She moved slowly and spoke quietly. Adverb of Place She has lived on the island all her life. She still lives there now. Adverbs of Frequency She takes the boat to the mainland every day. She often goes by herself. Adverbs of Time She tries to get back before dark. It?s starting to get dark now. She finished her tea first. She left early.   Misconcept/ Concept             Misconcept: an adverb says more about (modifies) a verb.              Concept: Although adverbs do indeed modify verbs, they can also modify an adjective, another adverb, a pronoun, or a noun more...

Learning Objectives This lesson will help you to: Understand various types of Verbs. Examine uses of Verbs. Study Modals Auxiliaries. Study application of Verbs, Modals Auxiliaries.     QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW Verbs are important elements of language and grammar. As our life is full of movements so verbs become an integral part of our speech, conversation and writing mode. Verbs determine the position and action of nouns and pronouns.     VERBS EXPRESS ACTIONS Verbs are doing words. A verb can express: A physical action (e.g. to swim, to write, to climb). A mental action (e.g. to think, to guess, to consider). A state of being (e.g. to be, to exist, to appear) The verbs which express a state of being are the ones which take a little practice to spot, but, actually, they are the most common. The most common verb is the verb to be. That's the one which goes:   LOTS OF VERB EXPRESS PHYSICAL ACTIONS Here are some sentences with the verbs highlighted. (These verbs express physical actions.)                                       Examples:                                        She sell leather bags. (In this example, the word sells is a verb. It express the physical activity to sell.) The doctor wrote the prescription. (In this example, the word wrote is a verb. It expresses the physical activity to write.) Alison bought a ticket. (The word bought is a verb. It expresses the physical activity to buy.)     VERBS EXPRESS MENTAL ACTIONS TOO As discussed in the beginning, verbs not only express physical actions like the ones above, they can express mental actions too: Examples: She considers the job done. (The word considers is a verb. It expresses the mental activity to consider.) Peter guessed the right number. (The word guessed is a verb. It expresses the mental activity to guess.) I thought the same thing. (The word thought is a verb. It express the mental activity to think.)     VERBS EXPRESS A STATE OF BEING A small, but extremely important, group of verbs do not express any activity at all. The most important verb in this group- arguably of all- is the verb to be. As already mentioned, this is seen in forms like are, were, was, will be, etc. Examples: Edwina is the largest elephant in this area. (The word 'is' is a verb from the verb to be.) It was a joke. (The word was is a verb from the verb to be.) I am. (The word am is a verb from the verb to be.) (Point of interest: I am is the shortest sentence in English.)     Real - Life Example Modal verbs, to you, means building upon the knowledge you already have. While most of you are able to explain what most verbs do, such as convey action, movement or behaviour, modal verbs might seem more mysterious. Modal verbs which conveys an attitude or mood. They include can, could, will, would, may, might, must, shall, should and ought. Modal verbs more...

Real-Life Example Be aware of instances where a pronoun might be ambiguous. For example, in the sentence ?When Rose, John and Derek played, Rose gave the ball to him, ?him? could refer either to John or Derek. In these cases, it?s better to use the regular noun to eliminate confusion.     LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:- learn about different kinds of pronouns. know the correct usage of pronouns.     QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW Definition: Pronouns are parts of speech that replace other words. Usually nouns, in a sentence. They include words like 'I', 'we', 'it', 'myself' and 'you'. Using pronouns is beneficial because it makes a sentence sound less repetitive, and the pronouns may be shorter than the word to which they refer. Just look at this: _ _ _  "Simran bought an ice cream and Simran ate the ice cream because Simran was feeling hot." Instead of using noun 'Simran' repeatedly, you say _ _ _ 'Simran bought ice cream and she ate it because she was feeling hot.' What you are doing is using the word 'she' and 'it' instead of the noun ?Simran? and ?ice cream? respectively.   KINDS OF PRONOUN 1. Personal Pronoun: Example:- I ate a chocolate. You ate chocolate. Mrs Roy is shouting. She is angry. Mr Khan is running. He is in a hurry. We were frightened to hear the thunder. They are laughing, at the clown. Here ?I, WE, YOU, HE, SHE, IT, THEY,? are called Personal Pronouns because they stand for the three persons; (i) the person speaking ---?I?, ?we?, denote the first person, (ii) the person spoken to--- ?you? denotes the second person and (iii) the person spoken of--- ?he, she, it, they? denote the third person. 2. Relative Pronoun: I met Suman yesterday who had returned from London. He found the pen, which he thought he had lost. Here is the book that you had lent me. Here the pronouns ?who?, ?which? and ?that? are relating or connecting to the nouns ?Suman?, ?pen? and ?book? respectively. These are called Relative Pronoun. 3. Demonstrative Pronoun: Example:- This is a gift from my aunt. That was just an excuse. These are the places which I always wanted to visit. Bombay mangoes are better than those of Bangalore. Here the pronouns point to the objects to which they refer. These are Demonstrative Pronouns and show clearly or demonstrative Pronouns and show clearly or demonstrate what they are referring to. 4. Reflexive Pronoun: Example:- I tried to do it myself. You should try to do it yourself. We were very ashamed of ourselves. The students were asked to behave themselves. The action here is turning or reflecting back( reflects) to the person who is performing the action. It is a Reflexive Pronoun. 5. Emphatic Pronoun: Example:- I myself saw her singing at her work. You yourself can answer best. They themselves took part in the show. The city itself fell. In more...

Real-Life Example Shopping List- To help yourself understand what a concrete noun is, you can create a shopping list for the grocery store or mall. Each letter of the alphabet must be represented on the list and must include concrete nouns that can actually be found in the type of chosen.     LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:-

• Understand nouns as a part of speech and its grammatical usage. 
• Analyse different kind of nouns and distinguishing factors between them.
• Develop the idea of using the nouns in proper context.  

  QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW Definition: A noun is the name of a person, place, or thing.     KINDS OF NOUN There are five different kinds of noun: (a)    Proper Noun: It is the name of particular person or place and is always written with a capital letter. Eg. Shah Jahan constructed some of the remarkable monuments in India. Indira Ghandi, the first woman prime minister of India, was dynamic lady. (b)   Common Noun: It is a name which is common to any and every person or thing of the same kind. E.g. Boys like to play cricket and football. Small towns are growing today at a faster rate. (c)    Collective Noun: It denotes a number of persons or things grouped together as one complete whole. Eg. It is very interesting to study and view the constellations in a clear sky. Different band of musicians are performing at the concert. (d)    Material Noun: It denotes the matter or substance of which things are made. Eg. Iron and steel industry is a key industry in our country. There has been a significant increase in the price of gold. (e)   Abstract Noun: It is the name of some quality, state or action considered to be part from the thing to which it belongs. Eg, Patience is the best remedy for every trouble. Knowledge and wisdom are complementary to each other.     Pictures/Examples: (A) PROPER NOUN 1.       Rabindranath Tagore was the first Nobel laureate of India. 2.       The holy Vedas are the oldest texts of Hindu mythology.   (B) COMMON NOUN 1.       An umbrella saves us from the scorching heat of the sun and heavy rains.   (C) COLLECTIVE NOUN 1. Bee hive is reared in large scale production of honey.     (D) MATERIAL NOUN 1.       Petrol is very precious as it speeds up our mobility from one place to another.   (E) ABSTRACT NOUN 1.                   Laughter is the best medicine in a stressful situation.   A. Words Showing Collection   B. Formation of Nouns from Adjectives Misconcept / Concept Misconcept: Collective nouns are plural. more...

Real Life Example Games and Puzzles              Word puzzles and related activities can have adjective themes. Any group of words can be composed into common puzzles like crosswords and word finds for students who are studying vocabulary and may already be familiar with adjectives and their grammatical functions. Easier games, such as those involving simple spelling and letter jumbles, are an ideal way to introduce adjectives as a new concept. Games and puzzles help beginners understand spelling differences and improve their word recognition.     LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:

• learn about Adjectives
• understand Determiners and Quantifiers.
• Identify usage of Adjectives.  

  QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW              Explanations: Adjectives are descriptive words that modify nouns pronouns. They usually come before the noun they and can be grouped together with several other adjectives to accurately describe something. Adjectives used in English to describe colour and size. Adjectives describe number, quality and appearance and have different forms, depending on how they are being used.              Examples: the tall professor/the mournful lieutenant, commitment, a month's pays, a six-year-old child, the unhappiest, richest man, etc. If a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as adjective, it is called an Adjective Clause.              Example: My sister, who is much older than I am, is an engineer.              If an adjective clause is stripped of its subject and verb, the resulting modifier becomes an Adjective Phrase. Example: He is the man who is keeping my family in the poorhouse.   FEATURES (A) Position of Adjective: Adjectives nearly always appear immediately before the noun or noun phrase that they modify. Sometimes, they appear in a string of adjectives, and when they do, they appear in a set order according to category. 1. When indefinite pronouns? such as something, someone, anybody?are modified by an adjective, the adjective comes after the pronoun: Anyone capable of doing something horrible to someone nice should be punished. Something wicked this way comes.     2. And there are certain adjectives that. in combination with certain .words, are always "postpositive (coming after the thing they modify): The president elect, heir apparent to the Glitzy fortune/lives in New York proper.              (B) Degrees of Adjectives: Adjectives can express degrees of modification:              Example: Gladys is a rich woman, but Josie is richer than Gladys, and Sadie is the richest woman in town.                       The degrees of comparison are known as the positive, the comparative, and the superlative. (Actually, only the comparative and superlative show degrees.) We use the comparative for comparing two things and the superlative for comparing three or more things. Notice that the word "than" frequently accompanies the comparative and the word "the" precedes the superlative. The inflected suffixes -er and -est suffice to form most comparatives and superlatives, although we need -ier and -iest when a two-syllable adjective ends in y' (happier and happiest); otherwise we use more and most when an adjective has more than one syllable.              more...

Real Life Example              Tenses are very important in Grammar. They have different rules in different languages but form the most important part of the communication.     LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:- 

• understand tenses.
• learn about different types of tenses and their importance.
• learn and understand about the correct tense.
• understand the basics of simple, perfect, continuous tenses.
• study about the meaning of aspects. v   understand about different aspects of tenses.  

  QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW              Tenses: Tenses come from a Latin word "tempus" which means time. Tenses are therefore an indication of time reference, often using three basic categories of:  "before now", i.e. the past:  "now", i.e. the present; and "after now", i.e. the future.              Tense differs from aspect in showing the time reference.     PRESENT TENSE              Simple Present              Simple Present Tense is used when an action is common, habitual, done at all times and a regular occurrence, irrespective of a particular time period.              Simple present tense is used in the following cases: Habitual Action              Example: She drinks coffee, (her regular habit)              My mom wakes up early in the morning, (her daily habit) v   Universal Truths              Example: It. rains in the rainy seasons. (It's a universal occurrence)              The earth moves round the sun.    Common Actions: When we refer to common actions done by almost everyone or by a majority of people or objects, we need to use simple present tense only.              Example: I love my nation (almost everyone loves his/her country). We observe 2nd October as the Gandhi Jayanti in India. (Every Indian does it) v   No time factors: we have certain actions which are not bound by any time they may happen all the time.             Example: I have a brother. (no time factor here).              She speaks in Spanish (a language she speaks all time). Proverbs: in proverbs or sayings, we use simple present tense since those are applicable or relevant for all ages.             Example: two is a company, three's a crowd (it's true).  Necessity is the mother of invention. Action at a particular future time or in near future: when we have an action to be done in near future or at a mentioned time, we use simple present tense.              Example: The match starts at 9 am tomorrow (at a fixed future time). The classes begin next month (near future, fixed time).              How do we make the Simple Present Tense?              Subject+ auxiliary verb+ main verb                               do                base   PRESENT PERFECT              Present Perfect Tense completes an action of the verb started in the past. Moreover, when an action is just done i.e., in the recent past, we use this tense.              Syntax: subject + auxiliary verbs ?HAVE/HAS? +Past Participate of Verbs              Example: He has written a poem.              Uses of Present Perfect Tense When the work is done in the recent past and not in the distant past.     more...