Practice Exercise
Read the following Passage carefully and answer the following questions.
One night a farmer was on his way back home on a boat. He traded far and wide. He was very rich and owned many acres of land. Shortly after the boat set sail, it capsized. He was distressed because he did not know how to swim. At that moment a boatman happened to sail by. The farmer on seeing the boatman begged for saving his life and promised all the land that he had, in reward. Seeing the earnestness, the boatman saved him and they sailed together. As they crossed the middle of the river, the farmer offered half of the land and the rest he said would be a bare necessity against his wife's rebukes. The boatman did not reply. As they reached near the shore, the farmer offered him one fourth of his total land saying that he would require a little for himself as well. As they reached the bank, the farmer reasoned out and said what could be the use of a land to a boatman who spends most of his time in the river and offered him only a coin worth rupees five. One must never cheat others' toil because the power to pay is a privilege given by God. One must be careful enough to overcome one's greed.
The rich farmer's boat _________.
(A) Capsized
(B) Broke down
(C) Flew away
(D) Disappeared
(E) None of these
Answer: (A)
The farmer requested the boatman:
(A) Painfully
(B) Eagerly
(C) Earnestly
(D) Respectfully
(E) None of these
Answer: (C)
The farmer gave the boatman _______.
(A) Whole of his land
(B) Half of his land
(C) One-fourth of his land
(D) Only a five rupee coin
(E) None of these
Answer: (D)
One must check one's ________.
(A) Greed
(B) Fear
(C) Anger
(D) Laziness
(E) None of these
Answer: (A)
Read the following Passage carefully and answer the following questions.
Prose consists of writing that does not adhere to any particular formal structures (other than simple grammar), "non-poetic" writing, perhaps. The term sometimes appears negatively, but prosaic writing simply says something without necessarily trying to say it in a beautiful way or using beautiful words. Prose writing can of course take beautiful form, but less by virtue of the formal features of words (rhymes, alliteration/metre) rather by style, placement or inclusion of graphics. But one need not mark the distinction precisely, and perhaps cannot do so. One area of more... 
Commands in Logo
The simple Logo drawing commands move the turtle forward and backward and turn it right or left. (See Figure 5.2.4)
Some commands and their abbreviations are given below:
Forward or FD
This moves the turtle forward by a number of steps. (See Figure 5.2.5)
? Forward 50
OR
FD 50
When the turtle moves, a line is drawn there.
Back or BK
This moves the turtle backward by a number of steps. (See Figure 5.2.6)
? Back 20
OR ?
BK 20
Right or RT
This rotates the turtle right by a certain number of degrees (0 degrees to 360 degrees] (See Figure 5.2.7)
? Right 90
OR
? RT 90
Insert screen shot of result of above action
Left or LT
This rotates the turtle left. You can move the turtle from 0 degree to 360 degrees.
? Left 90
OR
? LT 90
Hide Turtle or HT
This will hide the turtle. This means that you will not be able to see the turtle on the screen after issuing this command. If you give any command to draw, the turtle will still draw the line. It will continue to work even when it is not visible.
? Hide Turtle
OR
? HT
Show Turtle or ST
If you want the turtle to be visible again on the screen then give the Show Turtle command.
? Show Turtle
OR
? ST
more... 
Getting Started in Logo
LOGO is one language which children will enjoy and would love to learn. Perform the following steps to start working in LOGO:
Click on Start -> Programs -> PC Logo Program group -> PC Logo (exe) (See Figure 5.2.3)
Introduction
You must have kept dogs and cats as pets in your house, but have you ever had a turtle as your pet? In this chapter you will befriend a clever turtle who will teach you a new language called LOGO. Logo stands for Logic Oriented Graphic Oriented. You can draw pictures as well as do calculations with LOGO. Logo is a highly interactive language that uses a triangle-shaped cursor called a "turtle". Logo's language (also called LOGO) has got words, sentences and texts just like every other language. The first version of LOGO developed by Seymour Papert in the United States used an electronic robot that resembled a turtle. 
Introduction
Comprehension means 'understanding' whatever you read, and answering questions related to it. Answering question to a given passage depends actually on the following abilities of a student:
(i) How good you are in understanding the meaning of the entire passage;
(ii) In finding the answer in the passage;
(iii) Your command on language.
Points to keep in mind while doing Comprehension
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
Classical Indian dances are among the most graceful and beautiful dances in the world. Dancers use their eyes, hands, arms, legs, hips, knees, waist and feet to express various emotions like love, anger, hatred and amazement. They dance to vocal and instrumental accompaniment.
There are five major styles of Indian classical dance: (1) Bharat Natyam, (2) Kathak,(3) Odissi, (4) Kathakali, and (5) Manipuri. Though these dances were developed in different regions of India, they share the common thread of telling stories of Hindu Gods.
Bharat Natyam is a style of dance from the south of India. It is probably one of the oldest styles of Indian classical dance. A solo dancer performs it. Kathak is a style of dance of north India and was created in the courts of the Mughal rulers. It involves energetic footwork and expressive eye movements. Kathakali comes from the state of Kerala. The entire dance is like a play and the dancers dress themselves in enormous, colourful costumes. They also wear heavy make-up on their faces, which they have to learn to do by themselves, and which takes several hours to get on. There was a time when only men used to perform the Kathakali dance, but now women also perform them. Manipuri dance is a typical style of dance from Manipurin north eastern India. Odissi is from Orissa. It is similar to Bharat Natyam, but the dancer makes a lot of different stunning poses in this dance.
Indian classical dancers dance to______.
(A) Vocal accompaniment
(B) Instrumental accompaniment
(C) Emotions
(D) Both (A) and (B)
(E) None of these
Answer: (d)
Dancers express the emotions of__________.
(A) Love an danger
(B) Hatred and amazement.
(C) Anger and hatred
(D) Both (A) and (B)
(E) None of these
Answer: (D)
more... 
Hybrid Computers
A computer which performs operations based on both analog and digital principles is known as a hybrid computer. A hybrid computer displays capabilities, behavior, functions and principles of operation of both the analog and digital computers. A gas pump is actually a hybrid computer. Although it processes measured data, such as the amount of fluid passing through the gas hose, the data displayed to you, the amount of gas and the amount you owe is displayed in a digital format. In general, analog computers are extraordinarily fast, but the precision of analog computers is not good. Digital computers have an almost unlimited level of precision but are slow compared to analog computers. In most cases, hybrid computers are substantially faster than a digital computer and can supply a far more specific computation than an analog computer. It is helpful for real-time applications such as weather conditions system computation. Thus we see that hybrid computers utilize the best qualities of both the has to be handled is periodically measured and analog computers. In these computers, and converted into digital signals, which are processed by the digital part of the computer. A hybrid computer may use or produce analog data or digital data. Hybrid computers have been necessary for successful system development an example of a hybrid computer is the computer used in hospitals to measure the heartbeat of the patient. Hybrid machines are generally used in scientific applications or in controlling industrial processes. (See Figure 5.1.3)
Fill in the blanks:
1. A hybrid computer performs operations based on both _____ and ____ principles.
2. A gas pump is actually a_________computer.
3. _____ computers have an almost unlimited level of precision, but are slow compared to_____ computers.
(A) Digital, super computer. Digital, Analog, Hybrid
(B) Analog, Digital, Hybrid, Digital, Analog
(C) Super, Mini computer, Analog, Hybrid, Digital
(D) Analog, Digital, Analog, Hybri, Digital
(E) Digital, super computer, Digital, Analog, Hybrid
Answer: (b)
Explanation
Correct Option:
(B) Options given in (B) are correct.
Incorrect Options:
(A) Options given in (A) are incorrect.
(C) Options given in (C) are incorrect.
(D) Options given in (D) are incorrect.
(E) Options given in (E) are incorrect.
Information about two computers is given below. Read the statements and identify the name of the computers.
1. Computer X- These computers are a combination of both digital and analog computers. In this type of computers, the digital segments perform process controlled by conversion of analog signals to digital ones.
2. Computer Y- These computers use continuous variables for mathematical operations and utilize mechanical or electrical energy. They can perform several mathematical operations simultaneously.
(A) X-Hybrid; Y-Analog
(B) X - Digital; more... 
Analog Computers
An analog computer is an electronic system which recognizes data as continuous measurements of a physical quantity, such as pressure, voltage or temperatures along a continuous scale. The devices that measure such quantities are analog devices, e.g., voltmeter, ammeter, speedometer in your car etc. The output of an analog computer is usually in the form of dial gauge readings or graphs. The term 'analog' means continuous. An example of analog computer system is the processor attached to the petrol pump which converts the fuel flow measurements and displays the quantity and price. Analog computers are a powerful tool for designers and are used in engineering and scientific applications. It is used for designing missiles and also in the development of new aircraft models. Analog computers operate by measuring rather than computing. Unlike digital computers, it can perform numerous mathematical operations simultaneously. The main advantage of analog computers is that all calculations take place in parallel and hence these are faster. Their accuracy is poor as compared to digital computers. Mechanical analog computers were very important in gun fire control in World War II and the Korean War. The analog computer is almost an extinct type of computer these days. (See Figure 5.1.2)
Some of the disadvantages of using an analog computer are:
Cinderella and Ricky are discussing about use of analog computer. Read their statements and identify who is correct.
(1) Cinderella: Analog computer system is the processor attached to the petrol pump which converts the fuel flow measurements and displays the quantity and price.
(2) Ricky: Analog computer is a powerful tool for designers and is used in engineering and scientific applications. It is used for designing missiles and also in the development of new aircraft models.
(A) Cinderella is correct
(B) Ricky is correct
(C) Both are correct
(D) Both are incorrect
(E) Both are partially correct
Answer: (c)
Explanation
Correct Option:
(C) Both of them are correct.
Incorrect Options:
(A) Not only Cinderella is correct but Ricky is also correct. Therefore, option (A) is incorrect.
(B) Not only Ricky is correct but Cinderella is also correct. Therefore, option (B) is incorrect.
(D) None of them are incorrect.
(E) Both are fully correct.
Given below are the few disadvantages of analog computer. Select the correct one.
1. Its memory capacity is unlimited.
2. Alphanumeric information can be processed in this system.
3. It gives very little precision.
(A) Only 3
(B) 1 and 2
(C) 2 and 3 more... 
Digital computer
A Digital Computer is a computer that stores data in terms of digits (numbers) and proceeds in discrete steps from one state to the next. The word 'digital' stands for discrete (step-by-step) and hence, digital computers can take only discrete values. A digital computer is a combination of electric devices designed to manipulate physical quantities or information that are represented in a digital format. In other words, a digital computer represents data in terms of discrete, numbers and processes data using the standard arithmetic operations. The accuracy obtained in a digital computer is very high. Unlike analog computers which deal with the measurements of physical quantities, digital computers directly count digits (or numbers) that represent letters, numeral s or other special characters. Digital computers are high speed, programmable electronic devices that perform mathematical calculations, compare values and state the results. They recognize data by counting discrete signals representing either a high voltage electrical state (ON) or low voltage electrical state (OFF). Digital computers are used in almost every field of life. Digital computers were originally designed to perform certain numerical calculations. Digital computers come in a wide variety, ranging from tiny, special-purpose devices embedded in cars and other devices to the desktop computer, the minicomputer, the mainframe, and the supercomputer. The impact of the digital computer on-society has been tremendous. It is used to run everything from spacecraft to factories, healthcare systems to telecommunications and banks to household budgets. Since its invention during World War II, the electronic digital computer has become essential to the economies of the developed world. (See Figure 5.1.1)
Advantages of Digital Computers
Digital Computer has many advantages. Few advantages are given below. Select the correct one.
1. It is very imprecise in its output.
2. It makes high-quality data transmission possible.
3. Noise and distortions have much more impact on its output.
(A) Only 2
(B) 1 and 2
(C) 1 and 3
(D) 2 and 3
(E) None of these
Answer: (a)
Expiation
Correct Option:
(A) Only statement 2 is correct.
Incorrect Options:
(B) Statement 1 is incorrect whereas statement 2 is correct. Therefore, option (B) is incorrect.
(C) Both statements 1 and 3 are incorrect. Therefore, option (C) is incorrect.
(D) Statement 3 is incorrect whereas statement 2 is correct. Therefore, option (D) is incorrect.
(E) All the given statements are not incorrect. Therefore, option (E) is incorrect.
Fill in more... 
Introduction
The computers you come across in the daily course of your day range from laptops, palmtops, mainframe computers to desktop computers. Computers are categorized on the basis of physical structures, purpose of their use, capacity, speed and reliability.
Based on the operational or working principle, the different categories of computers are:
Sense Organs
Our sense organs help us to see, hear, taste, smell, and touch..
Skin
There are tiny nerve endings in our skin. These nerve endings help us to feel things. They also help us to detect heat, cold, and pain.
Skin
Eyes
Eyes help us in seeing the various objects around us. Since eyes are very important organs, our body has several features to protect them. The eyebrows prevent sweat from running into the eyes. The eyelashes protect the eyes form dirt and strong light. The eyelids protect the eyes form injury.
Eyes
Ears
Ear help us in hearing. They also help us to keep our balance.
Ears
Nose
Nose helps us to smell a variety of objects from flowers to rotten eggs.
Nose
Tongue
Tongue helps us in tasting things. Different regions of the tongue help us in tasting different kind of substances.
Tongue
Nutrition
Nutrition is defined as the process through which organisms take in and utilizes materials necessary to support life. Food contains chemical substances called nutrients that are required by all living organisms. Our body requires carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins. In addition to the five nutrients, our body also requires water and roughage.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Large percentage of food that we eat consists of carbohydrates. The simplest form of carbohydrate is sugar such as glucose and fructose. For example, glucose is present in food items like jams, jellies, etc. and fructose is present in various fruits such as banana, apple, etc.
Jam and jelly contains glucose
Complex form of carbohydrate is starch. Starch is present in food items such as wheat, rice, potato, etc. Starch or sugar cannot be stored in the body.
Potato, more... 
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