LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:—
Understand the concept of matter and its three states.
Learn about the physical and chemical changes in matter.
Study the phenomenon of melting and boiling points.
Study the phenomenon of freezing and condensation.
QULCK CONCEPT REVIEW WATTER
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. A small button takes up less space than an elephant, but they are both matter.
Matter is made up of small particles called as atoms and molecules.
The amount of space occupied by an object is called volume. Some objects have more volume than others.
For example, a globe occupies more space than a ruler does. The globe has more volume than the ruler.
Mass is the measure of how much material makes up the object. Everything that has volume and has mass is matter.
Property of Matter: Property is something about an object that can be observed, such as its size, shape, colour, smell, or sound. All matter has property.
There are three forms of the states of matter.
Real-Life Example
We all have seen small white coloured naphthalene balls. These are put in the bathrooms as fresheners and in bags to protect the clothes from moths. These naphthalene balls are an example of sublimation, where these solid balls directly get converted to gas without the intermediate liquid state.
They are solids, liquids, and gases.
Solid has a definite shape and volume.
Liquid has a definite volume but no definite shape.
Gas has no definite shape or volume.
Particles are different in different states of matter. The particles in liquids are much farther apart than particles in solids. Particles in solids pull towards each other. A solid can keep its shape because its particles stay close together. Particles in solids can move back and forth but they can't change places with another particle. Particles in liquids are farther apart. The pull between particles in liquids is weaker than the pull in solids. Liquids can change shapes because the particles can move around each other and change places. Particles in gases do not pull together strongly. Gas particles can move around more than the particles in liquids and solids. A gas can move to fill any space because its particles move freely.
Everything in our world has matter in one of these three forms.
Matter can change in different ways. There are physical changes and chemical changes. Some matter can change states. That means some matter can change from a solid to a liquid, or from a more...
Study and learn about various machines that are used for doing some work.
Study about the mechanism of working of machines.
QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW WORKWork is done only when an object moves over distance on applying force. Example: If you move a pencil, work is done, but after applying lots of force, if you are not able to move a pencil, no work is done.Force Force is needed to pull or push something. You cannot move an object without using force. For example: you cannot push a ball without using force. To move a light object like pencil, you will have to use less force and to move a heavy object like a table; you have to apply more fore. Force can slow, stop or change the direction of a moving object.Push: An act of exerting force on someone or something to move them away from oneself.Pull: An act of taking hold of something and exerting force to draw it towards oneself.There are various types of forces that are either exhibited by or on a body.Real-Life Example
When we want to put a wall hanging we use a simple machine ‘nail’ or ‘screw’ and drill it into the wall using a complex drilling machine.
Misconcept/conceptMisconnect: Friction force is considered as the negative work.Concept: Work done can never be negative. Friction force slows down the sliding motion and thus is very crucial in day to day activities.Misconnect: An object at rest has no energy.Concept: The object at rest has potential energy. As the object starts moving, its potential energy converts into kinetic energy and then into other energies. Types of ForcesFriction Force: Friction is resistance of solid surfaces, layers and material elements. Gravity: The force that attracts a body towards the centre of the earth or towards any other physical body having mass is called gravity. more...
LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson -will help you to:
Study how animals find their food.
Learn about different senses of animals.
Know about the various things we get from animals.
Understand how people depend on animals.
Understand the ways through which we can save the animals.
QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW DO YOU KNOW Animals also have sense organs, which are very active. They can see, hear, taste, smell and feel. There are many examples of amazing animal senses. Some animals can smell other animals from long distances. Some can hear the slightest sounds. Some can see their prey from far away.Misconcept / ConceptMisconcept: Snakes dance to the snake charmers flute tunes when they hear its music.Concept: Snakes are born deaf. They can only feel vibrations of the flute and they move according to that.Misconcept: Birds’ eyes are located in the front of their heads.Concept: Most birds have eyes on the sides of their heads.A FEW FACTS ABOUT ‘’HOW ANIMALS SMELL’’
Why ants move in a line?
As the ant move, they leave a smell on the ground.The other ants follow the smell to find the way.
Have you ever been disturbed by a mosquito?
Mosquitoes can find you by the smell of your body. They can also feel the heat of your body.
Have you ever seen a dog sniffing here and there? Dogs mark out their own area on the road. They can make out if another dog has come into their area by the smell of its urine or potty (latrine).
A FEW FACTS ABOUT “HOW ANIMALS SEE”
Have you ever noticed birds moving there neck very often?
Most of the birds have their eyes on either side of the head. Their eyes can focus on two different things at a time. In most of the birds, eyes are fixed and cannot move. So birds have to turn their heads to see around.
How far can birds see?
Some birds like kites, eagles, vultures can see four times as far as we can. These birds can see things from a distance of eight meters what we can see from a distance of two meters.
Do animals see colours?
Animals cannot see as many colours as we can. It is believed that animals that are more...
Learn about different methods of growing new plants.
Understand the method of seed dispersal.
Study various types of vegetation found on earth.
Amazing Facts
A sunflower looks like one large flower, but each head is composed of hundreds of tiny flowers called floret, which ripen to become the seeds. This is the case for all plants in the sunflower family, including daisies, yarrow, goldenrod, asters, coreopsis, and bachelor’s buttons.
The average strawberry has 200 seeds. It’s the only fruit that bears its seeds on the outside.
Trees are the longest-living organisms on earth.
The title for the world’s hottest chili pepper remains contested, Bhut Jolokia ‘, 401.5 times hotter than bottled hot pepper sauce, earned the Guinness world Records title in 2007, but severa hotter chillies claimed the title in 2011.
QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW
We already know about plants and their main parts. We Kg also know that plants prepare their own food and give Bus oxygen to breathe. We get food from plants. In this chapter, we shall learn about how a plant comes out of a seed and then becomes a tree.
How does a plant grow from the seed?
We know that plants grow from seeds and there are a lot of internal changes that take place in the seed when it grows into a new plant. Seeds need water, appropriate p temperature and a good quality soil to germinate. Till the time the new plantlet (seedling) grows its first leaves, it depends upon the food stored in the seed to grow. When the seedling develops its own leaves, it starts to become independent. The roots of the seedling start to extend downwards and the stem and leaves upwards. The roots g absorb water and nutrients from the soil and the leaves g absorb sunlight.
The stage of germination of seed ends here but the plant has just started to grow.
However, not only the seeds can form new plants, some other parts of plants such as roots, leaves and stems are also used to grow new plants out of them.
For example, the sweet potatoes can be grown from an old plant's roots. However, it is to be checked first whether the roots are still alive or not.
The stems of sugarcane and roses are used to grow new plants. The cutting of stem is planted into the soil and after some time a new plant grows out of it. This method is coiled CUTTING.
And sometimes the stem is not separated from the tree. A branch of the tree while still attached to the tree, is buried into the earth and a new plant starts to grow from it after some time. It starts developing roots. Then it is
Detached from the parent plant. This method of using the stem to produce new plants is called LAYERING.
For example: Jasmine. more...
Understand concepts such as floatation and solubility.
Study and learn about basic concepts of liquids.
Learn about diseases caused by breeding of insects in water.
Real-Life Examples
When we throw a stone in the water in sinks.
In rainy seasons, we are advised to clean our coolers more of town and avoid much watering of plants as small larvae of mosquitoes can be seen breeding in them.
Historical Preview
60 years ago malaria rife all over the world. It killed more people in Italy during World War II than bombs and bullets together.
Humans have generally settled near convenient sources of water. Most of the great ancient civilizations depended on a particular source of water. For example, the Egyptians centered their civilization on the Nile.
Understand changes in sources and availability of water over time.
Study about different sources for irrigation.
Learn about different quantities of water required for different crops.
Learn about different methods of lifting water.
QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW
In earlier times, water was not as easily available as it is available today. Our grandparents used to travel long distances to fill up the water from wells, lakes, ponds, rivers, etc.
The major sources of water were rivers, lakes, ponds, wells, boils or step wells, etc.
Sometimes, people travelled around 20 miles to get water that lasted them a day and then go back next day to get the water.
There were no taps or motors then. And only one or two hand pumps or wells existed in the entire village. Some villages didn't even have a single source of water, and people there travelled to nearby villages to fetch water.
SOURCES OF IRRIGATION The different sources of irrigation can be classified into:
Groundwater sources; extracted from springs or by using wells.
Surface water sources: withdrawn from rivers, lakes or reservoirs.
Non-conventional sources: like treated wastewater or drainage water.
Increasingly, agriculture is using untreated wastewater as a source of irrigation water. Because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users, there is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with urban waste, including sewage, directly to water their crops.Water requirements of different crops differ the amount of water taken by crops varies considerably.Here is a list of a few crops with their water requirements in milliliter.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:-
become aware about the need of being careful while walking, running and doing different activities throughout the day.
Know about the consequences of doing things carelessly.
Learn about the importance of first aid for as injured.
gain knowledge about the first aid given in different situations.
Amazing Facts
There are special training courses which train people in first aid.
Why people wear light colours in summers?
This is because light colours absorb less heat and make us feel cool. QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW Your parents and teachers of ten tell you to walk and play carefully. Have you ever thought why do they give you so many instructions while you cross the road or while you play? Well, the answer is in the fact that in our day to day life if we do not perform all the activities carefully we might hurt ourselves. Our elders want us to be away from any danger.In this chapter we shall learn about the precautions we should take while doing different things so that we do not harm ourselves. We shall also learn about what we should do if someone gets hurt.The first help that an injured person gets before any medical help reaches is called FIRST AID. The first aid proves to be very helpful to treat a patient or an injured person. In some of the cases it has been proved to be lifesaving.The motive of giving first aid is:
To save life of the victim.
To prevent further harm.
To provide help for recovery.
SAFETY ON THE ROAD We should always take care of the following things while we are on the road:
Never run or play on the road.
Never catch a moving bus.
Always check both the sides of the road before crossing it.
Always cross the road on zebra crossing while you are on foot.
Never drive your vehicle at a high speed.
In case you see any accident on the road, first of all, the injured person should be given sufficient space to breathe and a crowd should not gather around him. If a person is stuck in his vehicle you should try to bring him out with the help of other people around. Try to shift the injured person to a safe place like on one side of the road. Do not try to move the injured person much as there might be some serious internal injuries. You should call the ambulance and should tell more...
QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW
Those symbols which indicate the structure of written language are known as "Punctuation marks'. These symbols are often used to disambiguate the meaning of the sentence, separating or breaking sentences and showing the reader where sentences start and finish. Some of the commonly used punctuation marks are mentioned follows:
(1) Period or full stop (.)
(2) Comma (,)
(3) Colon (:)
(4) Semicolon (;)
(5) Apostrophe (')
(6) Question mark (?)
(7) Exclamation mark (!)
(8) Quotation mark or Inverted comma ("")
(9) Dash(-)
(10) Parentheses ( )
FULL STOPS AND COMMAS
Full stops are used to mark the end of a sentence or a group of words.
Example: The meeting lasted for three hours.
A comma is used to separate a sentence or to give a pause before continuing the sentence. Comma is also used before certain conjunctions or to separate the elements in the list of three or more items.
Example: His favourite puddings are apple pie. Ice cream, rhubarb crumble and jelly.
COLONS AND SEMICOLONS
Colon is generally used to introduce an idea that is an explanation or continuation of the one that comes before the colon. It is also used after a complete sentence to introduce a list of items when introductory words such as namely, for example, or that is, do not appear.
Example: I want the following items: butter, sugar, and flour.
A semicolon is used to connect to two closely related independent clauses. It is also used to join phrases and sentences without having to use a conjunction.
Example: Meet me tomorrow; I will give you my answer then.
APOSTROPHE
The mark of apostrophe is used to indicate the omission of one or more letters in a word.
Example: This is Rohan's car.
QUESTION AND EXCLAMATION MARKS
A question mark is used to turn a statement into a question. It is used at the end of the sentence to indicate a query.
Example: What is your name?
An exclamation mark is used to end the sentence to show feeling like anger, surprise or joy. A sentence with exclamation mark should be read with excitement.
Example: He shouted at her, 'Go away! I am busy'.
QUOTATION MARK OR INVERTED COMMA (" ")
Quotation mark is used to show the beginning and the end of a word or phrase that are of higher importance or special.
Example: My father always said, "Be careful what you wish for."
DASH
A dash is used to show a pause or break in the meaning or indicate sudden change in thought.
Example: My brothers?Richard and John?are visiting London.
PARENTHESIS
Parenthesis is used to add further explanation or more...
Real Life Example
Scientists have found that telling a story can plant emotions, thoughts and ideas into the brain of the listener. This means that the story writers have the ultimate power to influence others.
Amazing Facts
When you are writing something down with a pen, you are stimulating a collection of cells in the base of your brain known as Reticular Activating System (RAS).
An account of someone?s life written by that person else is called a Biography.
An account of a person?s life written by that person himself/herself is known an Autobiography.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
This lesson will help you to:-
learn story writing.
understand how to use prompts.
understand how to use pictures.
QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW
In this lesson you can learn to communicate in complete thoughts for different purposes. At the beginning, you may still write in short, literal, choppy sentences but as you progress through the year, you learn to write more detailed essays and stories to communicate what you are learning. To help yourself learn how to write events in a story for a more flowing account, you can think of the story as a recipe. Using story maps and plot planners, you gain proficiency in using literary devices to spin tales fascinate readers with interesting details.
The outline of a story is the basic framework of a story. It is often just a skeleton outline. It shows us some of main facts of the story and tells in brief what the story is like. We have to fill in all the details relevant to story and thus make up a readable story.
IMPORTANT HINTS
The following few hints will tell you how to build up a story from a given outline:
1. Read the given outline carefully. Note all the points. Follow as strictly as possible the sketch provided.
2. Be careful to connect the points given in the outline naturally, so that the whole will read well as a connected piece of good composition.
3. You must use your imagination in filling the details of action, gesture and conversation that should connect one point with the next.
4. Wherever possible, introduce dialogue or conversation: but be careful to make it natural and interesting.
5. The conclusion or ending of a story should be striking and interesting.
6. If you are asked to give a title or heading to the story you may name it (i) after the main character, object or incident of the story, or (ii) after a proverb or well-known quotation illustrated by the story.
7. Revise your writing and remove all mistakes in spelling, grammar, punctuation, etc. Some famous authors of children books and their stories:
Authors
Real Life Example
Notice writing is very important in our daily lives. Notices in schools are usually pasted on the notice board so that everyone can read them.
Government makes important notices public by publishing them in daily newspapers and magazines.
We usually write messages to convey the telephonic conversation to the third concerned person.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
This lesson will help to:
study and learn about importance of notice writing.
study and learn about importance of message
study and learn about the format of notice writing.
study and learn about the format of message
QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW
NOTICE WRITING
WHAT IS NOTICE?
A notice is a very short piece of writing which is usually formal in style.
It is a method to convey a message or information in brief to all the concerned persons.
It is widely used by individuals and organisations to announce events and celebrations, births and deaths, occasions like inaugurations and sales, to issue public instructions, etc.
The words of a notice should not exceed 50-60 words.
HOW TO WRITE NOTICE?
Writing an effective notice is a kind of art that can be acquired with practice" by keeping some basic points in mind while writing them out.
Notice should give complete information and must be written in a clear style and easily understand able language.
FORMAT OF NOTICE WRITING
Notice written for some official/non-official meeting should definitely have the following:
Date
Time
Venue
Purpose
Who is to attend
Specific instructions
Contact person/Address
1. Format of notice issued for informing about some events
Name
Objective/Purpose/Occasion
Date
Time/Duration
Place/Venue
Essential qualifications/Eligibility/Conditions
Contact address
Specific instructions
2. Format of notice issued for lost and found of article or other valuables
Article lost/found
Date
Time (Approximately)
Identification- marks (colour, size, contents, marks)
Contents
Whom to contact, when and where
3. Format of notice issued for informing about tours/fairs/exhibitions/camps to be organised in ?near future.
Name and nature
Occasion
Objective- information, awareness, appeal, invitation, etc.
Dates/Timing
Expenditure/Entry fee
Beginning/Conclusion
Place (for tours) v Duration: from ______ to ____.
Contact address
Specific instructions (Example: do's and don'ts, visiting hours, etc.)
MESSAGE WRITING
WHAT IS MESSAGE?
This is a short letter.
Since it is usually informal and written in a hurry, the complete format of a letter is not followed.
Only the bare essentials are written without any formal salutation or ending, introduction or conclusion. A well written message must inform its reader v Who has called?
What the caller called for? v Whom to contact?
Amazing Facts
During the times of British Raj in India, the British officials used to write the notices in English. The motive behind writing in English was that the Indians could not understand the meaning of what is written since not all Indians were educated and could read and write in English. more...
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
This lesson will help you to:?
understand the form of voice.
change in the structure of the sentence.
learn how to change voice from active to passive and passive to active.
QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW
By now all of you know that a verb tells what a noun or pronoun does or what is done to a noun or pronoun. In other words, it tells us what a person or thing does. Voice is that form of verb which says whether the subject does something or something is done to the subject. Voice has two forms:
Active voice
Passive voice
The form that tells us what the subject does is called the active voice while the form that tells us that something is done to the subject is called the passive voice.
ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICE
In active voice, the subject is active (it acts) and importance is given to the subject. On the other hand, in passive voice, the object (in active voice) is now made the subject (it is acted upon) and is given more importance.
Now let us understand it with an example:
Active voice: AtuI is writing a letter. Here the subject, Atul, is acting: ?letter? is the object.
But when the same sentence is changed to passive voice, it becomes:
Letter is being written by Atul. Here. "Letter" is the subject. It is being acted upon but is given importance.
Newspaper headlines are usually in passive voice.
Passive voice is used when it is not easy to pinpoint one particular agent as the doer of the action.
In active voice, the subject performs the action.
Example: John hit the ball.
In passive voice, the action is performed on the subject. The subject receives the action.
Example: The ball was hit over the fence.
RULES TO FOLLLOW
When we change active voice into passive voice: the following rules must be kept in mind:
1. Only transitive verbs (verbs with objects) have passive voice.
2. In the passive voice, usually we place the preposition by before the agent.
Example: The cat killed the mouse The mouse was killed by the cat.
3. In imperative sentences let is used for commands and 'request' is used for request.
Example: Close the door Let the door be closed.
4. When we change a question into passive, it will remain a question. So the question word should come in the beginning.
Example: Why have you scolded him? Why has he been scolded by you?
5. To form passive voice, the verb to be is used. Its tense will be the same as the verb in the active voice to which a past participle of the verb in the more...
Real-Life Example
Friction Force: Friction is resistance of solid surfaces, layers and material elements. Gravity: The force that attracts a body towards the centre of the earth or towards any other physical body having mass is called gravity.
more... 
1. Format of notice issued for informing about some events
Name
Objective/Purpose/Occasion
Date
Time/Duration
Place/Venue
Essential qualifications/Eligibility/Conditions
Contact address
Specific instructions
2. Format of notice issued for lost and found of article or other valuables
Article lost/found
Date
Time (Approximately)
Identification- marks (colour, size, contents, marks)
Contents
Whom to contact, when and where
3. Format of notice issued for informing about tours/fairs/exhibitions/camps to be organised in ?near future.
Name and nature
Occasion
Objective- information, awareness, appeal, invitation, etc.
Dates/Timing
Expenditure/Entry fee
Beginning/Conclusion
Place (for tours) v Duration: from ______ to ____.
Contact address
Specific instructions (Example: do's and don'ts, visiting hours, etc.)
MESSAGE WRITING
WHAT IS MESSAGE?
This is a short letter.
Since it is usually informal and written in a hurry, the complete format of a letter is not followed.
Only the bare essentials are written without any formal salutation or ending, introduction or conclusion. A well written message must inform its reader v Who has called?
What the caller called for? v Whom to contact?
Amazing Facts
During the times of British Raj in India, the British officials used to write the notices in English. The motive behind writing in English was that the Indians could not understand the meaning of what is written since not all Indians were educated and could read and write in English. more... 
Now let us understand it with an example:
Active voice: AtuI is writing a letter. Here the subject, Atul, is acting: ?letter? is the object.
But when the same sentence is changed to passive voice, it becomes:
Letter is being written by Atul. Here. "Letter" is the subject. It is being acted upon but is given importance.
Newspaper headlines are usually in passive voice.
Passive voice is used when it is not easy to pinpoint one particular agent as the doer of the action.
In active voice, the subject performs the action.
Example: John hit the ball.
In passive voice, the action is performed on the subject. The subject receives the action.
Example: The ball was hit over the fence.
RULES TO FOLLLOW
When we change active voice into passive voice: the following rules must be kept in mind:
1. Only transitive verbs (verbs with objects) have passive voice.
2. In the passive voice, usually we place the preposition by before the agent.
Example: The cat killed the mouse 
The mouse was killed by the cat.
3. In imperative sentences let is used for commands and 'request' is used for request.
Example: Close the door 
