CHAPTER COVERAGE
· Importance of Print Media
· Development of Printing Through Ages
· Contribution of China and Japan in this Process
· Emergence of New Technology of Printing in Europe
· Contribution of J. Gutenberg
· Modem Innovation in Printing Technology
· The Print Revolution and its Impact on Preachers, Intellectuals, Women and Common People
· India and the World of Print
· Religious Reforms and Public Debates
· New Forms of Publication
· Impact on Literature
· On Women and Poor People
· Colonial Rule and Censorship
CHAPTER COVERAGE
· The Print Culture created a Possibility of a New Form in Literature?The Novels
· History of the Growth of Novel Writing in Europe as well as in India
· Factors responsible for the Growth of Novels
· Reasons for Popularity
· The Impact of Novels on Common People, Women and Children.
· Types of Novels
· Eminent Authors and their Works between 17th and 20th Century
· Domestic Novels, Historical Novels, Serialised Novels, Epistolary Novels, etc.
· Indian Novels Written During the Same Period
· Eminent Indian Authors of Various Regions
· Novels Written in Industrial Age as well as During the Period of Colonialism
· Vernacular Press
· Role of Novels in Literature and in the Growth of Indian Nationalism
CHAPTER COVERAGE
CONTENT OUTLINE
Till the middle of 19th century Europe was divided into many monarchical absolutist states with diverse people speaking different languages and belonging to different racial and ethnic groups. There was no collective identity among them.
A common allegiance to the ruler was the only binding force.
Nineteenth century, however, saw the emergence of nationalism as a new force which brought about sweeping changes in political and mental world of Europe. This resulted in the cowering of nation-states in place of multinational dynastic empires. The concept of a modern state with a defined territory, with ruler and citizens sharing common bonds and history, became popular. This was possible only through a process of action struggle, and efforts of leaders and common people.
The French Revolution and the idea of a Nation.
The first clear expression of nationalism was the French Revolution in 1789 when the commoners revolted against the absolute monarch Louis XVI.
The Revolution led to the
(a) Transfer of Sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens,
(b) The Revolution proclaimed that the people and not the ruler would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny,
(c) It guaranteed equal rights under a constitution,
(d) The Estates General or the French Parliament was renamed as the National Assembly,
(e) Uniform law and standardized weights and measures were introduced,
(f) French became the common language of the nation.
(g) Revolutionary flag replaced the monarchical flag.
With the outbreak of revolutionary war the French armies began to carry the ideas of nationalism abroad.
Making of nationalism in Europe. As has already been mentioned European countries were ruled in 19th century by various dynastic rulers over regions having diverse population, e.g., Habsburg dynasty ruled over regions of Austria, Hungary, Italian provinces of Lombardy and Venetia, German speaking Sudetenland and Polish speaking Galicia. In Hungry common people spoke Magyar. Except for allegiance to a common ruler there was hardly any political unity. Similarly Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into various kingdoms.
Socially and politically the landed class was the dominant class. Elite class spoke French and were often connected by marriage. The majority of population was made up of peasantry. However the western and central parts of Europe were undergoing social and economic changes. Rapid growth of industrial production and brisk trade led to growth of towns and cities. It also resulted in the emergence of a commerical class and a working class population, whose existence depended on the production in the market. The new forces of 18th and 19th centuries led to the formation of new social more... 
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