A. Correct the following sentences:
1. They had hardly gone a few steps that they saw a lion.
2. The thief was able to easily make his escape.
3. I did nothing but to gossip and to waste time.
4. He impressed me by his good behaviour.
5. The magistrate and collector were present there.
B. Fill in the blanks with suitable form of verbs given in brackets:
6. He was tired and ...........asleep immediately. (fall, fell)
7. We shall go out as soon as you ....... ready. (are, were)
8. She said she would go on knitting as long as she ......... on the chair. (has been sitting, was sitting)
9. He died after he .......... ill a long time. (has been, had been)
10. He ...... in the last war. (has been killed, was killed)
C. Make correct sentences with the suitable forms of the verbs given in brackets:
11. The baby (cry) because it is hungry now.
12. When I went out in the morning, my little sister (sleep).
13. I (wait) here for my friend since 5 o'clock.
14. If you (go) there, you would have met him.
15. I (see) the Taj Mahal and know how beautiful it is.
D. Put the verbs in brackets into correct forms:
16. The boy jumped off the bus while it (move).
17. I (not see) him since yesterday.
18. lt is time we(return)home.
19. He will not meet me if he (come) tomorrow.
20. As I (wait) in the hall, the head master came to me and (ask) me in a gentle voice, 'Now, Raju, how (be) your mother?
E. Fill in the blanks with the most suitable modals from brackets:
21. The article stated that he............ read at the age of three. (might, could)
22. You ...........take a sweater in case it gets cold. (should, might)
23. It's going to rain all afternoon........... we go to the cinema? (Shall, Should)
24. Scott............ be 21 at the end of the month. (will be, would be)
25. Julie said the traffic was heavy, so she ......... be late for the meeting. (should, would)
F. Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunctions:
26. Not only he ........his father was also present.
(a) Is
(b) But
(c) Can
(d) Also
27. You can ........see the clouds in the sky.
(a) Although
(c) Since
(c) Even
(d) Have
28. Do not go ........he comes.
(a) Since
(b) Till
(b) Up to
(d) From
29. ………………….he is ill, he cannot come.
(a) As
(b) For
(c) Because
(d) Like
30. You have opposed me, ........ I cannot help you.
(a) So
(b) Since
(c) For
(d) Therefore
G. Change into indirect speech:
31. She more... 
Conditionals
Introduction: There are several structures in English which are called conditionals. 'Condition' means 'situation or circumstance'. If a particular condition is true, then a particular result happens. There are three basic conditionals that we use very often. There are some more conditionals that we do not use so often. The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations. They are also sometimes called if-clauses. Real Conditional describes real-life situations. Unreal Conditional describes unreal or imaginary situations.
If a certain condition is true, then a particular result happens.
There are four basic conditionals that we use in English.
(i) Zero Conditional
(ii) First Conditional
(iii) Second Conditional
(iv) Third Conditional
Zero Conditional: Certainty
The Zero Conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met.
Formation: if+ present simple + present simple
First Conditional
A First Conditional sentence is for future actions dependent on the result of another future action or event, where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied.
Formation: if + present simple + will
Second Conditional: Imaginary Present or Unlikely Future
The Second Conditional can be used to talk about imaginary present situations, where we are imagining something different from what is really the case. We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen, as the condition is unlikely to be met. We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result.
Formation: if + past simple, + would + base form
Third Conditional: Imaginary Past
The Third Conditional is used when we are talking about the past and imagining something different from what actually happened, that means for imaginary past actions, where the conditions for the action were not satisfied.
Formation: If + past perfect, + would have + past participle 
Determiners
Introduction: Determiners are words like my, this, his and any, etc. They are grammatically similar. They modify nouns and precede them. They all come at the beginning of noun phrases, and usually we cannot use more than one determiner in the same noun phrase.
Kinds of Determiners
Articles
The words o, an, and are generally called articles and sometimes classed as a separate part of speech. In function, however, they can be grouped with the demonstrative adjectives that are used to point things out rather than describe them.
Definite Article
The is called the definite article because it points out a particular object or class.
This is the book I was talking about.
The dodo bird is extinct.
Indefinite
Article A is called the indefinite article because it points out an object, but not any particular specimen.
a book, a dog, a lawn mower
The indefinite article has two forms:
(i) A is used before words beginning with a consonant sound or an aspirated h: a car, a lamb, a hope, a habit, a hotel
(ii) An is used before words beginning with a vowel sound: an ape, an image, an untruth, an honorable man
Demonstrative Determines
Demonstrative determiners are words that show which person or thing is being referred to.
This is my brother.
Here, 'this' is a demonstrative determiner.
The demonstratives in English are - this, that, these and those
Use of demonstratives
Demonstratives differ according to:
Distance: near or far
or
Number: singular or plural Here are the main distinctions:
This modifies or refers to singular nouns that are near to the speaker.
That modifies or refers to singular nouns that are far from the speaker.
These modifies or refers to plural nouns that are near to the speaker.
Those modifies or refers to plural nouns that are far from the speaker.
Possessive Determiners
Possessive determiners are - my, your, his, her, its, our and their. We use possessive adjective to describe or limit the meaning of a noun, a pronoun, or a clause. We use these words before nouns to say who something belongs to. Both possessive determiners and possessive pronouns express a relation, often the fact that someone has something or that something belongs to someone.
Subject Pronouns Possessive Adjectives
Singular I more... 
Voice
Introduction: Voice is the form of the verb which shows whether the subject acts or is acted upon.
(i) Sheila writes an email.
(From this example, we understand that the Subject in the sentence is 'Sheila' who is doing some work.)
(ii) An email is written by Sheila.
(Again, from this sentence, we understand that some work is going on with the Subject 'An email'.)
Kinds of Voice
There are two voices:
(i) Active Voice
(ii) Passive Voice
Active Voice
When the Subject of the sentence is the doer or actor, the Verb is Active and said to be in Active Voice.
(i) He runs.
(ii) I did it.
(iii) He said this.
(iv) She helped me.
(v) They did all the work.
Passive Voice
When the Subject of the sentence is acted upon, the Verb is Passive and is said to be in Passive Voice.
(i) It was done by me.
(ii) This was said by him.
(iii) The letter was posted.
(iv) The thief was arrested.
(v) The sun was covered by cloud.
There is also another kind of Voice called Mid-Voice or Quasi-Passive. The peculiarity of this Voice is that, although it is Active in form, it is Passive in meaning.
(i) Candy tastes sweet.
(It means, candy is sweet when tasted.)
(ii) Iron feels hard.
(It means, iron is hard when it is felt.)
(iii) Oil feels greasy.
(It means, oil is greasy when felt or touched.)
There are certain rules associated with changing the Active Voice into Passive Voice.
Rules for changing Active Voice into Passive Voice
1. The Object of the Active is changed into Subject of the Passive.
2. The Subject of the Active is changed into Object of the Passive.
3. According to the Subject made in the Passive, there is the usage of the helping Verb. If it is not the helping Verb 'to be', then according to the helping Verb present there, a form of 'to be' is taken into usage.
4. After 'to be' there is the usage of
.
5. Preposition 'by' is used before the Object made in the Passive. This (by + Object) is also known as (by + Agent), which is completely optional. 
Preposition
Introduction: A Preposition is a word placed before a noun or a noun-equivalent to show its relation to some other word in the sentence.
(i) Put it on the table.
(ii) She came to me.
Let us take two more examples.
(i) There is a basket under the chair.
(ii) There is a bucket in the corner of the room.
In example (i), 'under' is a Preposition, which is before the Definite Noun 'chair' and helps in establishing relationship between 'basket' and 'chair'. Similarly, in example (ii), 'of' is a Preposition which is placed before the Definite Noun 'room' and helps in establishing relationship between 'bucket' and 'room'. Generally, a Preposition is used before a Noun or Pronoun. But, sometimes, a Preposition is not used before a Noun or Pronoun.
(i) Who was she talking to?
(ii) This is the bungalow he lives In.
(iii) This is the man whom I lent some money to.
Classification of Prepositions
1. Preposition of Direction
Such as - to, towards, for, along, against, across, up, down, into, etc.
2. Prepositions of Place / Position
Such as - at, in, on, above, below, over, under, between, among, amongst, amid, amidst, before, behind, etc.
3. Prepositions of Time
Such as - at, on, for, since, before, after, within, in till, by, during, from, etc.
4. Some Other Prepositions
Such as - about, off, of 
Direct & Indirect Narrations
Introduction: Narration means something that is narrated, an account of, detailing an event, etc. The word 'narration' is taken from the word 'narrate', which means 'to give an account or tell something'.
There are two types of narration:
(i) Direct
(ii) Indirect
Direct Narration
States the statement of person, exactly the same, spoken by him or her. This statement is put within inverted commas (" ").
Sita said, "I have seen Hanuman."
The sentence contains the statement as said by Sita - "I have seen Hanuman", which in Direct Narration.
Indirect Narration
States the statement of a person, which we analyse or interpret in our own words; or just narrate or summa rise the principal motive of the speaker.
Sonia said that she was late for the meeting.
The sentence focuses the statement of Sonia, which we expressed in our own words. This sentence is said to be in Indirect Narration.
Kinds of Narration
When a speech is quoted in the actual words used by the speaker, it is called the Direct Speech or Narration. But when the speech is reported in the form of a narrative, giving the substance or meaning or the words used by the speaker, without quoting his actual words, it is called the Indirect Speech or Narration.
Rahul says, "I want to visit Mumbai." - Direct Speech Rahul says that he wants to visit Mumbai. - Indirect Speech
Some Important Facts on Narration
1. Look at the following sentence.
Raju said, "I am happy."
The first part of the sentence - 'Raju said' is called Reporting speech / Reporting clause / Reporting verb, etc.
The second part of the sentence - 'I am happy' is called Reported speech / Reported clause / Reported statement, etc.
2. Reported speech can be used at the beginning / end / middle of the sentence.
(i) The principal said, "The school shall remain closed for a month." (Reported speech at the beginning of the sentence.)
(ii) "Let's go for long drive", he said to his friends. (Reported speech at the end of the sentence.)
(iii) "Shakespeare", said the teacher, "was a world-famous dramatist". (Reported speech in the middle of the sentence.)
General Rules of Narration
(a) Present Indefinite changes into Past Indefinite Tense.
(b) Present Imperfect changes into Past Imperfect Tense.
(c) Present Perfect changes into Past Perfect Tense.
(d) more... 
Conjunctions
Introduction: A Conjunction is a word which joins together sentences and Sometimes words.
Conjunctions are of two kinds:
(i) Coordinating
(ii) Subordinating
A Conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words, phrases or clauses together.
(i) A honest and intelligent boy.
(ii) A new pair of shoes as well as an old pair of shoes.
(iii) Radha sings but Meera dances.
In example (i), 'and' joins the two words ('honest' and 'intelligent'); in example (ii) 'as well as' joins two group of words ('new pair of shoes' and 'old pair of shoes'); and in example (iii), 'but' joins two sentences ('Radha sings' and 'Meera dances').
A same word may be an Adverb, a Preposition or a Conjunction.
(i) I saw her before. (Adverb)
(ii) She stood before me. (Preposition)
(iii) He shall do it before I return from office. (Conjunction)
Compound Conjunctions are groups of words that are sometimes used to do the work of single Conjunctions.
(i) Varun as well Alok went there.
(ii) He acted as if (or as though) he was mad.
(iii) I shall help you in case you fail.
Kinds of Conjunctions
(A) Coordinating Conjunctions Join words or phrases or clauses of equal rank.
(i) He said this to him and me.
(ii) She sat behind you, but in front of me.
(iii) You may go; only make no noise.
(B) Subordinating Conjunctions are those that join a subordinate or dependent clause to a principal clause.
(i) He said that he was ill.
(iï) I shall go if you come.
(iii) As I am ill, I cannot go.
Some Important Conjunctions and Their Uses
1. After 'not only'... 'but also' is used.
Similarly, after 'either' ... 'or'; after 'neither' ... 'nor'; and after 'both'... 'and' is used. These Conjunctions are always in pairs and are sometimes called Correlative Conjunctions or Correlatives.
2. 'Yet' is used after 'Although' and Though'.
3. After 'both' there is always the usage of 'and'. But problems are normally created by using as well as / or / else, etc.
4. After 'whether' there is always the usage of 'or'. But problems are normally created by using that, etc. with 'whether'.
5. 'So ... as' / 'As ... as' is used in Positive degree to bring comparison between persons or things. Also remember that, 'so ... as' is used in Negative sentences.
6. After 'hardly' and 'scarcely', 'when' is used. But Nesfield has approved of the usage of 'before' after them.
7. 'Seldom /fever' or 'Seldom or never' is always used.
8. After 'rather' and 'other', there is the more... 
Participles
Participles are forms of Verbs which partake of the nature of both an Adjective and a Verb.
(i) The boy is running in the field. (Verb)
(ii) The running boy is my cousin. (Adjective Noun)
Types of Participles
There are two types of Participles - (i) Present Participle and (ii) Past Participle or Perfect Participles.
Present Participles express an action going on, and not completed, and are formed by adding 'ing' to the Verb.
Running, swimming, walking, singing, laughing, etc. Past Participles express an action complete, and are formed by adding - ed, d, t, en, ne, or n to the Verb.
(i) By adding 'ed' -
tired, cleared, amazed, surprised, worked, etc.
(ii) By adding 't' -
learnt-, meant, bent, sent, lent, etc.
(iii) By adding 'en'-
eaten, beaten, broken, etc.
(iv) By adding 'ne' -
done, gone, etc.
(v) By adding 'n' -
shown, known, etc. 
Infinitives
The Infinitive is formed by adding 'to', expressed or understood, before the verb. Infinitive is a form of 'non-finite verb' which is used with 'to' or without 'to'.
He came to play. (Infinitive with 'to') Learn to read. (Infinitive with 'to')
Uses of Infinitive
1. Infinitive is used for the following purpose:
(A) As a Subject.
To walk in the morning is a good exercise. (Subject)
(B) As an Object.
Everybody likes to enjoy. (Object)
(C) As a complement of the Verb.
She is to leave. (Complement)
(D) To tell any purpose or cause.
(i) Sumit called his brother to live with him. (purpose)
(ii) The father started weeping to see his son dead. (cause)
2. Object + To + 
is used after ask, advice, allow, command, force, forbid, invite, encourage, compel, beg, order, imagine, instruct, permit, persuade, tell, require, remind, teach, etc.
(i) The teacher advised me to complete the sum at once. (
of advise Object to )
(ii) The lady compelled you to pay all her debts. ( of compel Object to )
3. Object + To + or simply, To + is used after like, want, wish, promise, etc.
(i) I want everyone to listen to this music. (want Object to )
(ii) I want to leave now. (want to )
4. Infinitive is used directly after certain Verbs like - appear, seem, attempt, try, Endeavour, begin, decide, desire, remember, forget, stop, fail, happen, hurry, refuse, promise, prove, etc.
(i) The labourers refused to work for the builder. ( of 'refuse' to )
(ii) Shyam failed to pass the driving test. ( of 'fail' to )
5. Infinitive is used by adding 'know' after - how, where, when, why.
(i) I know how to write a précis. (how Infinitive)
(ii) They know where / why / when to send the parcel. (Infinitive) 
Verb
Introduction: A Verb is a word which affirms or predicts something of some person or thing, or a part of speech expressing being, action or the suffering of action.
Verbs are divided into two main classes
(i) Principal
(ii) Auxiliary
(i) When a verb is used independently, it is called a Principal Verb.
Call, go, work, etc.
(ii) When a verb is used only to help some other verb to form voices, moods and tenses, it is called an Auxiliary Verb. [Auxiliary means helping. The only verbs that can be so used are - can, be, have, shall, will, may, do.
Principal Verbs (or Main Verbs)
Principal Verbs are divided into two classes: Transitive Verbs and Intransitive Verbs.
(A) Transitive Verbs are those verbs that require an object to make the sense clear.
He did this.
I love her.
Who made it?
Note that, some transitive verbs like: Tell, teach, ask, show, give, send, etc. take two objects, Direct and Indirect.
He gave me a book. (Indirect Object Direct Object)
I told him this. (Indirect Object Direct Object)
(B) Intransitive Verbs are those that do not require any object to make the sense clear.
He sleeps.
I run.
Birds fly.
Here are some of the Principal Verbs along with their different forms.
(i) Bear Bore Borne
Born
Remember that, 'born' is only used in Passive Voice, like - He was born in 1982.
(ii) Find Found Found
(iii) Found Founded Founded
(iv) Hang Hung Hung
(v) Hang Hanged Hanged
(vi) Lie Lay Lain
(vii) Lay Laid Laid
(viii) Lie Lied Lied
(ix) Rise Rose Rose
(x) Rise Raised Raised
Auxiliary Verbs
There are some Primary Auxiliaries:
(i) To be - is / are / am / was / were (be, being, been)
(ii) Have - have / has / had (having)
(iii) Do - do / does / did (doing, done)
Modal Verbs
Like: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, need, dare, used (to), out (to), etc.
Here more... 
You need to login to perform this action.
You will be redirected in
3 sec
