Current Affairs 8th Class

Introduction

Introduction Definition: Determiners are those words which modify in some manner the Nouns with which they are used.

I have a red pen.
She was a very beautiful girl.
The cow is an animal.
My brother is a teacher.
She wants to be a doctor.
Steve has little knowledge about planets.
Do you have any book on Management?
This juice is bitter.
Every child should be taught basic values.
There is not much chance of his winning the game.

In the above given sentences, a, the, my, an, little, any, this, every, much and his are those words which indicate that Nouns are about to be used. As these words fix the position of Nouns, they are called Fixing words or Determiners.

Catgeory: 8th Class

Practice Exercise

Fill in the blanks with Definite Article.

Allahabad is ____________ holy city. Answer: Allahabad is a holy city.

___________ Quran is a holy book of Muslim. Answer: The Quran is a holy book of Muslim.

Give me _____________ pen which I bought yesterday. Answer: Give me the pen which I bought yesterday.

____________ hare runs fast. Answer: The hare fast.

Fill in the blanks with suitable article A, An and The.

___________ Geeta is a holy book of Hindus. (A) A (B) The (C) An (D) All of these (E) None of these Answer: (b) Explanation: 'The' is used before holy book like The Ramayan, The Geeta, The Bible, The Mahabharat, The Quran, etc.

_____________ Sun gives us light. (A) The (B) A (C) An (D) All of these (E) None of these Answer: (a) Explanation: 'The' is used before the names of heavenly bodies. Fill in the blanks with A, An or The wherever necessary. 1. ______sun rises in ________ sky. 2. ______moon is a heavenly body. 3. ______Principal rewarded __________ boy. 4. ______king had _________ son and two daughters. Answer: 1. (The, the) 2. (The) 3. (The, a) 4. (The, a) Sometimes Articles are omitted before the words used to represent some basic facts a universal truth.

Soul is immortal.
Man is mortal.
Earth revolves round the sun.

Before an Abstract Noun

Honesty is the best policy.

Before the word representing a metal or a Material Noun:

Iron is the most used metal in industry.
Gold is a precious metal.
Silver shines more than iron.

A is used before a noun beginning with a consonant sound.
An is used before a noun beginning with a vowel sound.
The is used before a noun beginning with a consonant or a vowel sound but these nouns refer to definite or particular nouns.
The is used before the names of holy books, rivers, oceans, mountains, monuments, newspapers, heavenly bodies, etc.
Indefinite articles are not used with uncountable nouns.
Article is not used before the name of games. Such as - He plays cricket.
Article is not used before some diseases like cholera, malaria, fever, typhoid etc.
Article is not used before the names of festival.
Article is not used before plural Countable Nouns when they indicate a class.
No article is used before more...

Catgeory: 8th Class

Definite Article 'The'

Definite Article 'The' Definite Article (the) points out a particular person, animal, thing or place.

This is the boy who came first in the race.
The pen that you purchased for me is lost.
I dislike the boy who stole my book in the class.
The Northern belt of our country is covered with the Himalayan Mountains.
The Red Sea is different from the Black Sea.

In the above given sentences, the is used to point out a particular person, animal, thing or place.

Uses of Definite Article 'The' 'The' is used before the following: (i) A class of noun. E.g. The man. (ii) Before the Superlative Degree of Adjective. E.g. The best. (iii) Before the words to express quantity. E.g Wheat is sold by the kilogram. (iv) Before a noun which has been mentioned earlier. E.g. I saw a tiger. The tiger was looking dangerous. (v) Before the names of national, religion and caste,. E.g. The Hindu, The Indian. (vi) The names of famous building. E.g. The Red Fort. (vii) The names of sea, river or valley. E.g. The pacific, The Ganga, The Bay of Bengal (viii) Names of some countries, E.g. The U.S.A., The U.K. (ix) Names of religious book. E.g. The Ramayan. 'The' is used before the names of holy books, rivers, oceans, mountains, monuments, newspapers, heavenly bodies, etc.;

The Ramayana, The Geeta, The Bible, The Quran.
The Ganga, The Yamuna, The Nile.
The Indian Ocean, The Pacific Ocean.
The Himalayas, The Alps.
The Taj Mahal, The Victoria Memorial, The Red Fort.
The Times of India, The Hindustan Times, The Hindu.
The Sun, The Moon, The Sky, The Earth, The Star.

Catgeory: 8th Class

Practice Exercise

Fill in the blanks with Indefinite Article.

They have ____________ hour to catch the train. Answer: An (here 'h' of hour is silent.)

She is __________ European. Answer: A (European though starts with a vowel, it sounds like a consonant)

_________one eyed giant monster destroyed the park. Answer: A (one eyed sounds like a consonant)

He wants to buy ___________ ball. Answer: A (Singular noun)

Fill in the blanks with Indefinite Article.

In European country you need to follow the rules strictly. (A) A (B) An (C) The (D) None of these (E) All of these Answer: (a) Explanation: The word European is pronounced as a consonant.

Lina is ____________ intelligent girl. (A) A (B) The (C) An (D) None of these (E) All of these Answer: (C) Explanation: The letter I in intelligent is a vowel. Article 'an' is used before a, e, I, o, u having a vowel sound.

Catgeory: 8th Class

Indefinite Articles 'A and an'

Introduction Definition: "A", "an" and "the" are known as articles. There are two types of articles: (i) Indefinite Articles- a and an (ii) Definite Article - the

Indefinite Articles 'A and an' Definition: A and An are indefinite articles because they refer to any person, animal thing or place.

Use of A (i) 'A' is used before a word which starts with a consonant.

There is a girl in the class.
My sister is a teacher.
I saw a baby crying.
I The girl has a toy.

In the above given sentences, 'a' is used before a word which starts from a consonant and sounds like a consonant. (ii) 'A" is also used before a word that starts with vowels but sounds like a consonant.

The camel is a useful animal.

He reads in a university.
Steve is a European.
It was a one sided game.

In the above given sentences, 'a' is used before a word which starts from a vowel but sounds like a consonant.

Use of 'an' (i) 'An' is used before a word which starts from a vowel.

He is an old man.
He has an ink pot.
Mr. Clinton is an American.
He bought an egg and an umbrella.

In the above given sentences, 'an' is used before a word which starts from a vowel and sounds like a vowel. (ii) 'An' is also used before words that start with consonants but sound like vowels.

He will come within an hour.
He is an honest man.
I met an M.P. who frequently visits his constituency.
An M.L.A. can provide funds for the development work.

In the above given sentences, 'an' is used before a word which starts from a consonant but sounds like a vowel. Points to keep in mind

A and An are always used with singular nouns.
A is used before a word which starts with a consonant sound.
An is used before a word which starts with a vowel sound.

Catgeory: 8th Class

Practice Exercise

Fill in the blanks with suitable conjunction.

Ashoka was a brave ______ a pious king. Answer: As well as

Two ________ two make four. Answer: And

Serena is smarter ________ her elder sister. Answer: Than

The boy was excused _______ he admitted his mistake. Answer: But

Fill in the blanks with suitable Conjunction.

My friend is a musician ___ teacher. (A) As well as (B) But (C) That (D) As (E) And Answer: (a) Explanation: My friend is a musician as well as teacher.

A dog's bark is worse _________ its bite. (A) Or (B) As (C) But (D) Than (E) And Answer: (d) Explanation: A dog's bark is worse than 'its bite.

A word that is used to join two words or sentences is known as a conjunction.
Some conjunctions are used in pairs to give a more compact or confirmed meaning. These conjunctions are called Correlative Conjunctions. (e.g. either or, neither nor, etc.)
A conjunction used to join two independent statements or two statements of equal rank or importance is called a Coordinating Conjunction. (e.g. and, but, either or, neither nor, or, for, still, only, as well as, else, etc.)
A conjunction used to join two statements, one of which is dependent on the other is called a Subordinating Conjunction. (e. g. after, till, before, unless, that (not as a relative pronoun), because, although, though, (sometimes these are also adverbs) until, than, as if, if etc.)
List of some commonly used conjunctions:

And

But

Since

When

Either- or

Although

Because

Till

While

Neither - nor

As well as

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Catgeory: 8th Class

Subordinate Conjunction

Subordinate Conjunction A conjunction used to join two statements, one of which is dependent on the other is called a Subordinating Conjunctions. (e.g. after, till, before, unless, that (not as a relative pronoun), because, although, though, (sometimes these are also adverbs) until, than, as if, if, etc.

We continued to work although we were getting late.

In this sentence, although we were getting late is a subordinate clause, for it cannot stand on its own. Therefore, although is a subordinating conjunction. Subordinating conjunctions may be classified according to their meaning. (A) Subordinating conjunctions introducing noun clauses That

She said that she was not very confident.
Are you sure that you have the right address?
I am afraid that I shall not be able to come.
It appears that father is in a bad mood.

If/Whether

She asked me if I had sufficient woolens for the winter.
They wanted to know whether I could accept the proposal.

(B) Subordinating conjunctions introducing adverb clauses of Time: when whenever, before, after, till, since, as soon as, while, as.

He felt sorry when he realized his mistake.
I will give him your message whenever I see him.
The farmers had harvested the crop before the rains set in.
They reached the theatre after the show had begun.
Father asked me to stay at home till he returned.
She has not written to me since she left.
As soon as I got the telegram, I left for Mumbai.
He checked the accounts while I took a cup of tea.
I came across an old friend as I was walking to the school.

NOTE: 'While' suggests a certain duration of time. As a conjunction, it means during the time that, for, as long as, at the same time, as;

While there is life there is hope.

'As' can be used to mean when or while.

I saw him as he was getting off the bus.

Place: where, wherever

She found her bag where she had left it in the shop.
Whenever he goes, he wins respect.

Couse or reason: because, since, as

I prefer to live in Kolkata because the climate suits me.
The thief could escape easily since there was no policeman on duty.
We did not call him for an interview as we had not received his application in time.

Result or consequence: so- that, such- that.

Her result was so poor that all of us were disappointed.
There was such a crowd at the platform that we could not get 'into the train.

Purpose: so that, that, lest

She is working day and night so that she may improve her result.
We eat so that we may live.
He is wearing a woolen coat lest he should catch cold.

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Catgeory: 8th Class

Types of Conjunctions

Coordinating Conjunction A conjunction used to join two independent statements or two statements of equal rank or importance is called a coordinating conjunction. (e.g. and, but, for, yet, so, etc.)

The sun was shining and a hot wind was blowing.
There was noise around me but I was not disturbed.

In the above given sentences, the words, 'and' and 'but' are coordinating conjunctions.

Coordinating Conjunctions are of Four Types (i) Conjunctions that merely add one statement or fact to another. And, both -- and, as well as, no less than, not only -- but also are common conjunctions of this type: And

The weather was fine and the sea was calm.

(The weather was fine. The sea was calm)

The door was open and my things were lying scattered.

(The door was open. My things were lying scattered) Both -- and

She is both intelligent and hard working.

(She is intelligent. She is hard working)

Kajol gave me both books and notes.

(Kajol gave books. Kajol gave me notes) As well as

He as well as his father is dishonest.

(He is dishonest. His father is dishonest.)

The captain as well as the crew was drowned.

(The captain was drowned. The crew was drowned.) No less than

He is guilty no less than his brother.

(His brother is guilty. He is equally guilty.)

I am no less grateful to your father than to you.

(I am grateful to you. I am equally grateful to your father.) Not only - but also

He was not only my relative but also a very close friend.

(He was my relative. He was my close friend.)

The train was not only late but also fully packed.

(The train was late. The train was fully packed.) (ii) Conjunctions that express opposition or contrast between two statements. But, still, yet, nevertheless, whereas, while, only are conjunctions of this type. But

The train was fully packed but we got seats easily.

(The train was fully packed. We got seats easily)

The earthquake was quite severe but the temple was not damaged.

(The earthquake was severe. The temple was not damaged.) Still, yet

Steve is quite rich, still he is not contented.
Steve is quite rich, yet he is not contented.

(Steve is quite rich. He is not contented)

I was angry, still I did not scold him.

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Catgeory: 8th Class

Introduction

Introduction Definition: A conjunction is that part of speech (word) which is used to join two independent words or sentences to make a Compound or Complex Sentence.

Ayush is gambling with his health because he has been smoking far too long
Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing well.
He goes home because he is ill.
Whether you stay or go is your decision

List of some commonly used Conjunctions

And	But	Since	When	Either - or
Although	Because	Till	While	Neither- nor
As well as	If	Until	Unless	Therefore
As	Or	Still	Yet	Before

Catgeory: 8th Class

Practice Exercise

Find the kind of verb of underlined words.

He has decided to support him. Answer: Helping Verb

They were ready to go there. Answer: Helping Verb

He plays for his country. Answer: Main Verb

She informed me on time. Answer: Main Verb

Fill in the blanks with correct form of verb.

Why did you not ______________ the class yesterday. (A) Attending (B) Attends (C) Attended (D) Attend (E) None of these Answer: (d) Explanation: Why did you not attend the class yesterday.

Youvraj Singh an Indian player _______________ aggression in his bating style. (A) Shows (B) Showing (C) Show (D) All of these (E) None of these Answer: (a) Explanation: Youvraj Singh an Indian player shows aggression in his bating style.

A verb is a word which shows an action, state of being or possession of a noun or pronoun.
The word which says something about a noun or pronoun is called a Verb. (All saying words are verbs).
Action Verbs: An action verb tells what the subject does.
A helping verb tells when the action of a sentence takes place.
Transitive Verb: The verb which requires an object after it to complete its sense is called Transitive verb.
Intransitive Verb: The verb which does not require an object to complete its sense, but makes complete sense by itself is called an Intransitive Verb.

Catgeory: 8th Class