“... when... Ptolemy suppressed the export of paper, parchment was invented at Pergamum…”
Pliny the Elder, Natural History, Book 13
According to Pliny the Elder, parchment was developed in the city of Pergamum (now Bergama, Turkey) because a king of Egypt, fearing that Pergamum's great library might overshadow that of Alexandria, stopped exporting papyrus to the city.
It seems more likely that parchment already existed and was refined at Pergamum. Also, this was not the first time animal skin had been written on. Leather had been used occasionally, possibly dating back to circa 2000 B.C.E. However, previous attempts involved tanning the leather and produced documents that were slightly hairy, stiff, and one-sided. Parchment, on the other hand, was made from the skins of sheep, calves, and goats that were cleaned and, crucially, scraped thoroughly. Both sides of the smooth, flexible surface were ideal for writing and ultimately allowed sheets to
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