Archives October 2012

During the British period, the system of education was devised by the, rulers as per their own convenience. After Independence, it was realized that this education system must be overhauled for the benefit of the masses of this country.  Several Education Commissions and Committees were established and several experiments in the field of education were made. Finally, the 10+2+ 3 system of education was accepted as a model system. The system has been put to trial almost all over the country and it seems to have stood the test of time. According to this system, there is high school teaching up to class X. It covers ten years. After the loath class, there is two year teaching (11) in a school or college (generally a school).Alter this, there is teaching for three years in a university for the student to get a degree. The first ten years school teaching and more...

The joint family system is the traditional family system of India. This family system has been prevalent in India since ancient times. Under this system the entire family - grandparents (paternal) and their mate children with their families stay under a single roof. Each member of the family shares the household chores, thus the work is divided and the burden of the work is lessened.  The joint family system not only lessens the burden of housework, it is also a safety net when financial difficulties, accidents or calamities arise. The family, as a single unit shares the load together till the storm of the financial difficulties gets over. During times of difficulties, the family provides strong emotional support as it is always there to give patient hearing to the problems of all members. It does not matter whether these problems are significant or not—the important part is that all problems more...

Criminology has treated women's role in crime with a large measure of indifference. The intellectual tradition from which criminology derives its conception of these sexes maintains esteem for men's autonomy, intelligence and force of character while disdaining women for their weaknesses of compliance and passivity. Women who conform as pure, obedient daughters, wives and mothers benefit men and society. Those women who don't, that is are non- 'conforming, may simply be one who questions established beliefs or practices, or one who engages in activities associated with men, or one who commits a crime. These women are doubly deviant. They are seen as ‘mad' not 'bad. These behaviors frequently lead to interpretations of being mentally abnormal and unstable. Those doing the defining, by the very act, are never defined as 'other', but are the norm. As 'men' are the norm, women are deviant. Women are defined in reference to men. In more...

"She means the world"—promoting empowerment of women may be just one of the 8th millennium development goals, but this aspect is crucial to success in all of the seven others. That's why it was said by Jawaharlal Nehru, "You can tell the condition of a nation by looking at the status of its women." Women Empowerment means increasing the power of women, socially, economically and politically. The enactment of appropriate laws to improve the status of women is today's burning need. Women have capabilities to make a world of difference in the great march of human civilization. In ancient times, due to lack of opportunities and health facilities, low status of women became a vicious circle that needed to be broken to enhance the development of India. The other problems have been bias in job, sexual harassment, domestic violence marital discord which hamper the women's development. Law is a tool more...

There is quite a debate on whether or not computers have positively affected education. Some proponents of computers in school argue the fact that computers are vast in the supply of resources as well as the fact that computers dominate society and will continue to do so. Opponents of computers in education take the position of experiencing things actually and not just on a computer screen, a reality versus virtual reality argument (www.realworld.org). In addition to this, there is the aspect of time involved with using a computer as opposed to interaction with actual living things. Computers have in many ways enhanced education but it has also weakened other skills taught in school as well. The first skill lost is obvious with the use of word-processing programs today. Of course they are convenient for typing papers because of the neatness and uniformity they provide as opposed to handwriting. Computers also more...

Terrorism is a problem which many countries have been continuously facing for decades, but now it has emerged as a 'global' problem against which an internationally united battle has to be fought incessantly. Violent behaviour in order to create an atmosphere of fear in the society or a part of it for misplaced political ends is generally termed as Terrorism. It is an organized and systematic use of violence to achieve an unrealistic end. Many a times words like terrorism, insurgency, civil war, revolution, guerilla war, intimidation and extremism are often used interchangeably. Though they differ in kind and meaning, one thing is fundamental to all - the word 'violence'. For instance, great practitioners of fear and violence like Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, Mao etc cannot be called Terrorists. Moreover, violence used for personal gains like dacoity or robbery cannot be termed as Terrorism. Terrorism, as understood in the simplest sense more...

Child labor in India is a grave and extensive problem. Children under the age of 14 are forced to work in glass-blowing, fireworks, and most commonly, carpet-making factories. While the Government of India reports about 20 million children laborers, other non-governmental organizations estimate the number to be closer to 50 million. Most prevalent in the northern part of India, the exploitation of child labor has become an accepted practice, and is viewed by the local population as necessary to overcome the extreme poverty in the region. Child labor is one of the main components of the carpet industry. Factories pay children extremely low wages, for which adults refuse to work, while forcing the youngsters to slave under perilous and unhygienic labor conditions. Many of these children are migrant workers, the majority coming from northern India, who is sent away by their families to earn an income, sent directly home. Thus, more...

Women have always been the most vulnerable and oft-exploited section of the society in any age, time, place and society. They have been, since ages, victims of humiliation, torture, exploitation and violence. Violence does not merely mean application of physical force; it can be mental, psychological and emotional as well. Violence, in its broadest sense, has been described as "an act of a person which encroaches upon the freedom of another". Violence can be an overt threat or an overt application of force which aims at harming or destroying a person or his reputation. Even the intent of causing harm and injury to someone is considered as an act of violence. Violence against women can be categorized under three broad categories of (i) Criminal Violence as rape, abduction or murder; (ii) Domestic Violence which includes dowry-deaths, wife battering, sexual abuse, maltreatment of widows or elderly women, and lastly (iii) Social more...

Children all over the world are treated differently at different times, during different centuries. Some children are raised by both of their parents in a good environment, with good conditions, and with a good education. Those kids are well taken care of and are happy if love is added to all that. The place that they live in becomes perfect. There are other kids, though, that have no loving parent, or no parents at all; no beautiful warm home, or no home at all; no healthy food, or no food at all and no good education, or no education at all. They have to work all day just to survive and get a little bit of something to eat. These children, unlike the other kids, are treated badly, abused and used. As time changes, people change: sometimes for the worst and sometimes for the better. Even now, children are mistreated more...

In ordinary terms, a child roughly between the age of 7 to 16 or 18 years who is involved in some kind of a 'status offence' such as vagrancy, immortality, truancy and ungovernability is a juvenile delinquent. Thus, juvenile delinquency is not just about under-aged criminals who get involved in criminal activities. In fact, the term 'juvenile delinquency' refers to the violation of a code of conduct or a regular occurrence of certain patterns of disapproved behaviour of children and adolescents. The well accepted age at present for juvenile delinquents is 16 years for boys and 18 years for girls. Juvenile delinquents are mainly classified on the basis of their behavioural patterns. They range from the incorrigible truants who keep away from school to larcenies who are involved in petty thefts and armed robberies to destruction of property, violence and sexual offences. They are also classified according to the type more...