MH State Exams

"The stirrup... enabled the horseman to become a better archer and swordsman." Professor Albert Dien, historian The oldest recorded account of a single metal mounting stirrup is a depiction found on a pottery shard uncovered from a tomb in western China belonging to the Jin Dynasty and dating to around 300 B.C.E. The stirrup was at first used primarily as a tool to assist the rider in mounting his horse. China at that time was constantly plagued by threats of mounted warfare from its northern nomadic neighbors. Considering that the Chinese developed the harness and horse collar a thousand years before their arrival in Europe, and that they had an established expertise in metal casting, it is not surprising that stirrups appeared among China's elite mounted cavalry. Their use of a single stirrup for mounting soon evolved toward using stirrups in pairs to provide a stable foundation for riding and more...

Money is the medium of transaction in the civilized societies. It is present today in two forms-apparent and hidden, in its first form it is legal and it is open for taxation. In the second form it is illegal and is not exposed for taxation.   The black money is the result of the activities of dishonest persons. It is the offspring of cunningness and underhand policy. Hence it is underhand earnings. It is unaccounted money. It is evaded money. Hence it is called black money. Black money as a matter of fact came into being during the Second World War. During war-time government imposed control on certain commodities. It gave good opportunities to people to make big profits. Since then it has been increasing from year to year. Now at present according to the government sources, the figures of black money have gone upto 22000 crores in our country. more...

Interest in atmospheric pressure arose when miners and well-diggers realized that pumps and siphons would only raise water to a maximum distance of about 33 feet (10 m). Hearing that the Grand Duke of Tuscany had a suction pump that could not raise water as far as he wanted, the Italian physicist Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647) investigated the problem in 1643, creating what is known as the Torricelli tube. Imagine that you have such a tube of straight glass, 40 inches (100 cm) long, sealed at one end and filled with mercury, and you carefully invert this tube, keeping the open end dipped in a reservoir of mercury. The mercury will retreat down the tube leaving a vacuum at the top. The height of mercury above the reservoir level will be about 30 inches (75 cm), and the weight of the mercury in the tube will be supported by the pressure more...

The snake charmer belongs to the wandering class of people. He earns his bread by his shows and feats which we cannot do. He goes from town to town and does not stay at one place for a long time. The snake charmer puts on a peculiar dress. He wears a large turban, a loose kurta and loose  tehmad.  You can see   large rings on his ears and steel bangles on his wrist. He carries two baskets with him hanging on the ends of a long bamboo. He has a special type of flute with him. When he enters a town he goes on playing upon his flute. The children hear the music and follow him to see snakes.  They persuade their mothers to stop him and show his programme. Then the snake charmer sits down on the ground and puts his baskets before him. He plays upon his more...

I live in Delhi. It is my home town. It is one of the largest cities of India. Many historical buildings are found here. It has great historical importance. The city has survived many great wars and rebellions. Delhi is expanding very fast. More and more new colonies are coming up. The roads are always full of pedestrians. Tongas, cars, scooters, passenger buses, school buses and rickshaws are to be seen everywhere. There is hustle and bustle everywhere. Long queues at bus stops, milk booths and cinema halls are very common. Delhi is a big business and an educational centre. Hundreds of factories employ thousands of workers. Many cottage industries have also come up and produce several kinds of goods. There are hundreds of schools and many colleages in Delhi. Many students study in these schools and colleges. There are also many engineering and medical colleges. Delhi also has many more...

Introduction. Sports are very important in our life. A true sportsman  is one who engages oneself in different sports. Sports are beneficial no only for our physical growth but also for our mental development. Sport; are the best type of exercise. So, it is one of the basic requirements of our body. The aim of a sportsman is to play the game fairly, no matter, if hr wins or loses. His interest lies in playing the game with true spirit of the game. A sportsman always enjoys a sound health.  Feeling of competition in sports. Different types of sports create competitive attitude among students and other participants. Scope of games has become too wide due to competition. The whole world has become a playground. Every zone, state and country promotes their players for the national and international sports competitions. They have only one lust to win medal at the Olympic more...

The earliest known breast implant was undertaken in 1895 by Austrian surgeon Vincenz Czerny (1842-1916). Czerny transplanted a large lipoma (a benign tumor composed of fatty tissue) from a patient's flank to create new breasts in a woman who had undergone a mastectomy. Details of the outcome went unrecorded. In the early twentieth century paraffin-wax injections were used to augment breast size, but discontinued due to disastrous complications such as "wax cancer." Other substances tried included ivory, glass balls, ground rubber, and ox cartilage. In the 1920s transplants of fatty tissue were attempted, where fat was surgically removed from the abdomen and buttock area and transferred to the breasts. The procedure was unsuccessful since the body quickly absorbed the fat, leaving the breasts in a lumpy, asymmetrical condition. However, modern transplants using the patient's own fat or muscle tissue are now much more likely to produce good results. Otherwise, there more...

"Damn the torpedoes.... Captain Crayton, go ahead! Joucett, full speed!" Admiral David Farragut, Battle of Mobile Bay, 1864 Despite its notoriety as a naval weapon, the first modern torpedo was developed in landlocked Austria,  or rather by a retired army officer in what was then the Austrian Empire stretching down to the Adriatic Sea. In 1864 Giovanni Luppis (1813-1875) presented his idea of using small, unmanned boats carrying explosives against enemy ships to Robert Whitehead (1823-1905), an English engineer producing steam engines for the Austrian Navy, Similar devices (spar torpedoes) were also employed in the American Civil War taking place at the same time. However, those contraptions consisted of manually driven steam launches with explosives hanging from a long pole. In order to set them off the crew would ram the end of the spar into the target vessel and then back off again, thus pulling a mechanical trigger by more...

If I were the Prime Minister of India. My first priority will be to remove unemployment. This will need complete reformation of education system. The education should be employment oriented Instead of examination oriented. The education up to Sr. Sec. or its equivalent would be compulsory and free throughout the country.  This would be my preference that the deserving students must get free education up to college level without any reservation on the basis of minority, regionalism and caste. Unemployment allowance would be given to educated youth. Maintenance of law and order is as important as education. It would be my prime duty to provide security to people of life and property. The properties of those people would be confiscated who give shelter to terrorists, extremists and secessionists. Those people will be shortly tried and capital punishment will be awarded to them so that others may take a lesson from more...

Astronomers observe light from stars many light years away and yet the thin atmosphere that surrounds Earth can play havoc with their results. Small volumes of the atmosphere have different temperatures and densities; they move around and this turbulence causes incoming light to change direction. The change in direction shows up as distortions in the data and can either render measurements useless or make their interpretation difficult. Observatories are often built on high mountains to limit the thickness of atmosphere the light needs to travel through. However, for the most detailed projects the thinnest atmosphere is still enough to cause problems. U.S. astronomer Horace Babcock (1912-2003) devised an optical system in 1953 that could adapt to the changes and correct the errors in real time. Although his design gave hope to toiling astronomers, it was not used until the 1990s when computers could keep up with the speed of the more...