Introduction. Newspapers or Press is the powerful means of communication. It can shake the very foundation of the government. A government which is not functioning well and doing injustice to them, can be set right with the help of the press. The press helps in preparing public opinion. It has become so important in our life that we can miss our meals for the whole day but not the daily newspaper. Types and mediums of Newspapers. Newspapers are of many types. There are daily, weekly, economical and employment newspapers. In most Of the leading newspapers, we find all national and international news. Newspapers can be availed in Hindi, English, Urdu and all regional languages. Press is the only medium of detailed news. International newspapers provide us all the information’s regarding any invention, advanced technology and international organization. Even the local newspapers have flooded the market. The demands of newspapers are more...

A war cannot achieve what peace can. The forces of peace can rule over ignorance and superstition, over illiteracy and immorality, over disease and physical suffering, over poverty and governmental oppression. The conquests of peace are nonviolent and bloodless. They cause no grief to humanity and do not damage life or property. War causes streams of blood and untold havoc. Only the victories of peace leave no maimed limbs or mutilated bodies, no ruined cities or scorched fields. Even a superficial glance at the course of the two world wars will tell us that their victories were gained at an incalculable cost. The triumph of the First World War proved f to be of a short duration. The victory itself sowed, in fact, the seeds of the Second World War. Who knows that the victory of World War-11 may also prove to be of an equally short duration and a more...

AIDS stands for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS has emerged as serious public health problem. It is caused by the Human Immuno Deficiency Virus which is known as HIV. In India, HIV was detected for the first time in 1986 and a national AIDS control programme has been in operation, since then. HIV makes the body too weak to fight infections.  We know there are white blood cells in our body which have got fighting capacity with numerous germs and thus save us from diseases. AIDS virus attacks these white blood cells of human beings and weakens the human body's immunity or self-defence mechanism. Since AIDS virus reduces the natural immunity of the human body, therefore, the patients suffering from AIDS become prone to many other infections or diseases. In fact, the patients suffering from AIDS die from other infections which are called secondary infections. Death occurs because the patient's more...

"Sputnik 1 fascinated and frightened vast numbers of people." Don Mitchell, "Sputnik: 50 Years Ago" The Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, on October 4, 1957, thus triggering the space race with the United States. Sputnik 1 was a nitrogen-filled sphere about the size of a beach ball—23 inches (58 cm) across—which orbited the Earth every ninety-six minutes. It had four long, whiplike aerials that transmitted information back to Earth. In November the same year, Sputnik 2 carried a living passenger, the dog Laika, into space. (It is thought that Laika only survived a few hours rather than the intended ten days because of stress and overheating.) By August 1960,when Sputnik 5was launched, two dogs, forty mice, two rats, and a collection of plants had been sent into orbit. The goal was the manned exploration of space. The United States were taken horribly by surprise by the more...

Most Indians live in villages. 'Village folks are very fond of fair. These fairs reflect the true character of our culture and  tradition. Every year a big fair is held in our village on the Baisakhi Day. It is an important day for villagers. This year I went to see it with My friends. We saw a large crowd in the fair. All roads led to the site of the fair. Villagers in their colourful dresses looked attractive. A temporary bazaar was set up in the fair. Sweets, fruits and toys were displayed in abundance in shops. There were a large number of hawkers also. Cold drinks, ice-cream, kulfi, faluda and fancy articles were in great demand. Men, women and children were making purchases. Girls were buying bangles while children were after ballons. All were making merry. Some people were enjoying sports and games while others were singing and dancing. more...

The increase of population in India is at an alarming stage. Now we are the second largest populated country in the  world, China being the first. So the population of India has crossed the limit of one Arab. So, the need of family planning is the need of the hour. England was the first country in the world to start family planning centres. America and other European countries also launched a campaign in favour of family planning. They gave family planning as much publicity as could be possible. After this it has spread throughout the world. In India there are many reasons for family planning. The most important being the economic aspect. If we are having children more than our capacity to nourish them and to educate them well, then the living standard cannot be raised which is the main objective of our economic planning. Secondly, it is also a more...

"We shall never run the risk of being confined in a coupe with, insufferable people."      Otto Julius on automobile travel versus train Like most "firsts" in automotive history, just who devised the first clutch is debatable. Almost all historians agree that the clutch was developed in Germany in the 1880s and some of them credit Gottlieb Daimler (1834-1900) and Wilhelm Maybach (1846-1929) with its invention. Daimler met Maybach while they were working for Nikolaus Otto, the inventor of the internal combustion engine. In 1882 the two set up their own company, and from 1885 to 1886 they built a four-wheeled vehicle with a petrol engine and multiple gears. The gears were external, however, and engaged by winding belts over pulleys to drive each selected gear. In 1889, they developed a closed four-speed gearbox and a friction clutch to power the gears. This car was the first to be more...

"Forty-six of [Hezekiah's]... towns and innumerable smaller villages [I] besieged and conquered." King Sennacherib of Assyria The battering ram has none of the subtleties of the Trojan horse, but the results are the same; an uninvited entry. Principally weapons of war, early battering rams were heavy wooden beams, sometimes with a metal- covered end that was on occasion shaped as a ram's head (hence the name), whose sole purpose was to breach the fortifications of towns and castles. In its simplest mode of operation, the battering ram was carried by several people who would run with the ram and thrust it at the target with as much force as they could muster. The key to success was speed, however, and later rams were wheeled. Battering rams became increasingly sophisticated. One important example was the siege engine of the Assyrians of circa 1000 B.C.E. Their ram was suspended from a covered more...

"Patent examiners questioned whether [Rickenbacker's Frying Pan] was 'operative.'" Monica Smith, Smithsonian Institution Although the guitar had existed in some form since the Renaissance, it was most commonly used as a parlor instrument. The nineteenth century saw it gradually move toward the concert hall, but the guitar still remained a solo or small-ensemble instrument. It played a formative role in the birth of jazz in the 1920s, but as bands became larger and brass sections became louder, the guitar struggled to make itself heard. The solution was to amplify the sound. Around 1924, an engineer named Lloyd Loar, working for the Gibson guitar company, developed the idea of the magnetic pickup. Placed beneath the strings of the guitar, the pickup creates a magnetic field. The strings vibrate and disturb the magnetic field; these disturbances are converted to electrical current that is amplified and played back through a loudspeaker. Gibson, however, more...

Iranian astronomical observer and instrument designer Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi (circa 940-1000) constructed the first known mural sextant, with a radius of 66 feet (20 m), on an accurate north-south facing wall in Ray, near modern Tehran, Iran. The name "sextant" refers to the fact that the instrument had an angular scale that was 60 degrees in length, one sixth of a circle. (When measuring latitude, one minute is equal to one sixtieth of a degree.) The instrument was designed to measure the altitude of the sun above the horizon at noon on the days of both the summer and winter solstice, the two dates in the year when this angle has its maximum and minimum value. From the average of these two angles, an observer could determine his or her latitude—the angular distance between the equator and the observation site. The height of the sun in the sky was measured by more...