During the rapid rise of the computer in the second half of the twentieth century, people were always searching for the next best way to interact with them. The early days of punched cards and paper tape became too cumbersome as computers advanced and keyboards became the input device of choice. In the 1960s, U.S. inventor Douglas Engelbart invented the computer mouse, which represented a milestone in computer interaction. The next big leap forward came in 1971 when Dr. Samuel C. Hurst invented the electronic touch screen interface. While teaching at the University of Kentucky, he was faced with the daunting task of reading a huge amount of data from a strip chart. Realizing that this work would normally take graduate students at least two months to complete, he decided to work on an easier method. What he came up with was the Elograph coordinate measuring system. It was an more...

"In recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays." The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 1901  An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a very short wavelength, in the range 10 to 0.01 nanometers. German physicist Wilhelm Rontgen (1845-1923) was experimenting with cathode rays in 1895 when he realized that these produced another form of radiation when they hit the glass of the cathode ray tube. He called them X-rays, as "X" stands for the unknown in mathematics. Rontgen discovered that X-rays passed through soft materials, such as paper, card, and fabric, and produced fluorescence and can be used to form images on a barium-coated photographic plate. His next experiments involved human tissue. He asked his wife to put her hand on the photographic plate and discovered that the X-rays passed through the flesh, but not through her bones, or her more...

"Science cannot solve the ultimate mystery of Nature... because... we ourselves are part of [it]." Max Planck, physicist At the heart of a SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interface Device) are two Josephson junctions. These consist of two superconductors separated by an insulating barrier that is so thin that electrons can "tunnel" through. If a voltage is applied, the current across the barrier starts to oscillate at a high frequency, this being influenced by the ambient magnetic field. In the process, the electrical resistance of the SQUID changes. These changes can be used to measure very small and weak magnetic fields. The direct-current SQUID was invented by Robert Jaklevic, John Lambe, Arnold Silver, and James Mercereau in 1964, one year after the production of the first Josephson junction. The first models worked only at the temperature of liquid helium, -452°F (-269°C). The discovery of higher-temperature superconducting ceramics in 1987 meant that devices more...

The Republic Day is also celebrated as a National Festival like Independence Day. The significance of this day is that a pledge was taken on 26th January 1930 on the bank of river Ravi to attain 'Swaraj' was fulfilled on this day in the year 1950. India became a sovereign, democratic republic. On this day all Government offices, factories and other institutions remain closed.  This day is celebrated throughout the country; people assemble at one place and offer salute to the National Flag. In Delhi people from different places come to witness the Republic day celebration at India Gate. Pipe railings are fixed on both sides of the route from where the procession passes. The entire route is decorated with National Flags. A good sitting arrangement is made for the people To witness the parade. Arrangement for VIP's and foreign dignitaries is made separately. There is also a very strict more...

"She goes running for the shelter/ Of a mother's little helper/ And it helps her on her way..." The Rolling Stones, "Mother's Little Helper," (1967) At its peak in 1978, Valium was the most widely prescribed drug for tension and anxiety. Valium was discovered in 1963 by Leo H. Sternbach (1908-2005), a Polish chemist working in the United States for Hoffmann-La Roche. He wanted to create a better "chill" pill, after barbiturates were found to cause dependence and toxicity in overdose. Sternbach started by fiddling with compounds he had cast aside twenty years earlier and found that one, Ro-5-0690, had hypnotic and sedative effects in mice. Hoffmann-La Roche named the drug Librium, which was the first of the new benzodiazepine class of drugs. Benziodiazepines work by depressing activity of the reticular activating system (RAS) that controls mental activity in the brain. In 1963 Sternbach synthesized a simplified version of the more...

Different individuals have different aims in life. Most of the people aim at making health. Man likes to enjoy comforts of life and wealth is necessary for that. So, most men want money. Then there are some men who want to acquire knowledge. They do not care much for wealth. There are, again, others who want glory and fame. Some few are eager to get power and exercise authority over others. As for me, I want to become a businessman. A nation cannot prosper by being in the employment of the government only. So I shall receive a good education necessary to become a businessman. My father is a businessman himself. I hope to earn much money. But I shall spend the greater part of my money for the good of my country. I shall establish agricultural and technical schools. Some of our countrymen will be trained there and thus more...

India always believed in peace and she has always promoted it by all means. She was never in favour of manufacturing a nuclear bomb which only brings ruin and disaster to millions of people. But as many countries whether developed or developing, have conducted many nuclear tests, it became a necessity for our country to go  nuclear. Further, the rising trend of intervention by the industrialized nations in the internal affairs of developing nations among which India is also one, was one of the main reasons which compelled India to divert her nuclear resources towards nuclear weapons. It was an urgent need to protect our national security, because national development depends on it. Development is inseparable from national security. And finally India conducted three nuclear tests on May 11, 1998 and two more tests on May 13, 1998 in Pokhran. But India's stand on the role of nuclear weapons is more...

The tradition of nursing started in the past time by the ever remembered Florence Nightiangale. A nurse symbolises service and humanity. Her time is spent in the service of humanity. She has  a keen sense of duty It is the noblest profession. She is required to do the duty for eight hours daily The times of working are not fixed. She is to work in different shifts. She wears a white uniform with a cap on her head. She is very punctual in her work. As she reaches the hospital she takes charge of her ward from the other nurse and soon she is busy with her work. She is called 'Sister' generally While taking her first round of the ward she greets all the patients with a smile. She notes down the temperature of every patient on the chart. She gives the medicines and injection provided by the doctor. more...

When most people think of cloning, their thoughts inevitably turn to science fiction movies or a sheep named Dolly. However, cloning has been around a lot longer than either of these would suggest. The word itself comes from the ancient Greek word for twig and was initially used to refer to plant grafting in the early 1900s. The word's meaning as it is used today, originated in the 1950s. The scientists responsible for what is now thought of as cloning did not set out to create a genetically identical model of another organism—as clones are defined these days. They were simply trying to understand how an embryo develops into an adult. Nobel Laureate Hans Spemann began experimenting with salamander embryos in the 1930s. Using a piece of hair as a tool, he manipulated a dividing nucleus from a salamander embryo in such a way that he had two different nuclei more...

God has created this universe which includes earth, water, sky, nature and deep down the earth surface. There are men and nature the two most vital components of this universe. Man can do wonders. Nature has everything already done. Man creates the things which are said to be artificial. They are not permanent. But nature has created the things which are permanent. No one can alter in the design of nature. Man has no control over it. Nature has its own way. Sometimes it is soothing, sometimes it is ferocious. Whenever it turns to be in its bad temper it can bring devastation. It is known as  disaster. Man has always been threatened by the fury of nature from the very beginning of his existence on this earth. Sometimes disasters like earthquakes occur repeatedly with serious impact on all spheres of life. Be it earthquake in Gujarat in 2001 and more...