Mohan Das Karam Chand Gandhi, the father of nation popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi or Bapu was born on 2nd Oct. 1869.  His father Karam Chand Gandhi was the Diwan of Rajkot state. His mother Putlibai was a religious and pious lady. At the age of seven he went to school. He was an average student. He was always regular and punctual in his class. At the age of thirteen he was married to Kasturba. After Matriculation and college studies he went to England to study law. There he became barrister and returned home. He started his practice at Bombay and then he went to Rajkot, but he was not a successful lawyer. In one case he had to 50 to South Africa, there he stayed for twenty one years. There he saw the pathetic condition of Indians. He fought bravely against the White men's injustice towards the Indians, who more...

Liposuction is a cosmetic technique in which excess fatty tissue is suctioned from beneath the skin. It was first developed in 1974 by Italian gynecologist Giorgio Fischer (b. 1934) who found that he could remove fat through tiny incisions with an electrical rotating scalpel connected to a cannula that was attached, in turn, to a suction device. The procedure was initially developed to remove excess fat to make abdominal surgery easier. A major drawback was that patients often suffered considerable blood loss. Four years later, French plastic surgeon Yves-Gerard Illouz was the first to recognize the potential of liposuction as a cosmetic procedure. He used a blunt- tipped cannula, which resulted in fewer complications and a shorter recovery time. In the early 1980s the procedure was introduced to the United States, but the high failure rate damped enthusiasm. In 1985 Dr. Jeffrey Klein, a Californian dermatologist, solved the problerri with more...

Museum is a place where antique objects of art, science, history etc. are placed for studies. Museum is an informative and instructive place. The objects kept their throw light on the ancient civilization. It broadens our knowledge of the things of the past. We can say it as the specimen of our glorious past. The National Museum in New Delhi is situated in a three storied building. The first floor is connected with the affairs of India. Second floor relates to the international field and third floor is devoted to the achievements of Indian states, in different fields. I along with my parents and brother went there on last Sunday. We carried our lunch with us from home. The weather was pleasant. First, we visited the Health exhibition at the ground floor. There were many medicines relating to Ayurvedic system. There were surgical instruments being used by surgeons in 500 more...

"It was effectively ironclad against bullets, and could at a pinch cross a thirty-foot trench..." H.G. Wells, The Land Ironclads, 1908 In the early 1900s, the stalemate of trench warfare sparked military powers to look for alternative methods of breaking through enemy lines. Before World War I, motorized vehicles were still uncommon, and the current designs were unsuitable for combat. It was the British military, in 1914, that created the first tanks. They included tracks to make moving over muddy terrain easy and were fitted with internal- combustion engine, bulletproof casing, and mounted, revolving machine guns. Surprisingly it was the navy rather than the army that oversaw the deployment of the new war vehicles during World War I. Before being put into service, the first tanks were demonstrated to two future British prime ministers— David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill. Amazed at the machines' ability to mow through barbed wire more...

Strike can be defined as the denial to do work by an organized group of workers, then they are said to have been gone on strike. The associations of the workers raise some demands before the management and stops working up to its fulfillment. There is not a common opinion of people regarding these strikes. Some are of the view that strikes should be declared illegal and should be stopped with iron hands. But some have other opinion about it. They say that they are the natural off springs of our industrial system. Before industrialization   workers were at the mercy of their masters but after industrialization unions of workers came into existence to safeguard the interests of the workers, in the previous days the worker had to compromise with dictates of his master, but same is not now. The realization of unity among workers gave way for the formation more...

To those few weeks spent on the highest point of my native land I owe many happy years of work...” C. T. R. Wilson, on receiving the Nobel Prize in 1927 In September 1894, Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869-1959) climbed to the summit of the Scottish mountain, Ben Nevis. He was so impressed by the effects of sunlight upon the clouds that he decided to try to reproduce them in his laboratory. His work was based on that done by John Aitken, the engineer who had created artificial clouds in a laboratory container. Aitken had found that if you put water vapor into a glass jar, a cloud would form if the air was unfiltered— that is, dusty. The water molecules in the air were treating the dust particles as tiny nucleation points onto which they could condense, forming a cloud. Air pressure inside the container could be reduced by more...

India is a country of different communities belonging to different religions. So almost every day we see a festival being celebrated with joy and fun. The festivals make our life colorful and charming. There are some religious festivals, some are based on seasons and some are of nations Importance. They are celebrated with great Joy and fun The Indian religious festivals are Diwali and Dussehra, Id-ul- Fitr and Id-ul Zuha, X'mas day and the New Year's day, Mahavir Jayanti, Buddha Jayanti, Guru Nanak's Birthday etc. Though these festivals are marked by different communities, yet they are celebrated by all without any ill-will and communal hatred. Festivals promote the feelings of communal harmony  Holi, Baisakhi and Basant are important seasonal festivals. Holi is a festival of colours. It marks the end of the winter season. Baisakhi is the seasonal festival of the Punjab. It is celebrated at the end of harvesting more...

Electronic paper has many of the properties of paper; thin, flexible, and readable from a wide angle, but it also has the distinct advantage of being reusable. In the 1970s Xerox PARC had developed a personal computer, and Nicholas K. Sheridon had the task of developing a display that improved on the then very dimly lit cathode ray displays. In 1974 Sheridon developed the Gyricon, which—although it was never used as a monitor because the PC project was dropped—formed the foundations of e-paper. The Gyricon, Greek for rotating image, consists of a thin, flexible sheet of plastic peppered with oil-filled wells containing small beads. Each bead, colored white on one half and a contrasting color (usually black) on the other, is charged with positive and negative ends that corresponded to the two colors. When an electrical current is applied to the Gyricon, the beads rotate in a predicted manner displaying more...

Pongal is the harvest festival of Tamil Nadu. It is celebrated for four days in the mid-January commencing from the last day of the Tamil month Margazhi. The sun, the earth and the cattle are worshipped by farmers as thanks giving for a Bounteous Harvest. People of Tamil Nadu took gay and enthusiastic with lots of hopes and aspirations. They clean their houses and decorate it with festoons before four or five days of festive occasion. They all try to complete these decorations on the eve of Pongal- ‘Bogi'. They decorate the earthen vessels of big sizes with kumkum and swastika. After the preparations are made, either the eldest or the youngest member of the family fills the pot with rice, water and some milk as per tradition. According to the belief associated with this festival, rice is cooked either in the courtyard or in the open fields instead of more...

If you can make the photons of a laser light that hits atoms have more energy than those that leave the atoms, then the atoms get colder. The trick is to tune the energy of a laser photon to a value that is slightly below that of the energy of an electronic transition in the atom. Due to the Doppler red-shift of the photons, those atoms moving toward the beam absorb more photons than those moving in the opposite direction. Emitted photons leave the atom in random directions, and the result is a general loss of momentum and kinetic energy. The atoms get colder because temperature is proportional to the kinetic energy. The atoms need to be at very low concentrations. The idea, was first suggested in 1975 by Theodore Hansch and Arthur Schawlow at Stanford University in California. Ten years later, Steven Chu of AT&T Bell Labs put it more...